ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 


* 

JAMES  BRAKES 

Chief  Chemist  Chateaugay  Ore  and  Iron  Company, 

Member  of  the  American  Chemical  Society, 

the  American  Electrochemical  Society, 

the  American  Foundrymen's 

Association. 


FIRST  EDITION 


ALLEN  BOOK  AND  PRINTING  CO. 

TROY,   NEW   YORK 
1919 


IDe&icatefc 

to 

my  friend 
FRANK  L.  NASON 

Geologist 

and 
Mining  Engineer. 


PREFACE 


TT  is  the  desire  of  the  author,  to  place  before  the  mining, 

civil,  electrical  and  mechanical  engineer,  and  others, 

who  have   taken   chemical   analytical   training,   a   small 

practical  book  on  the  analysis  and  manufacture  of  babbitt. 

Many  concerns  would  like  to  use,  if  possible,  a  babbitt 
made  from  a  certain  formula  that  has  been  known  to  give 
satisfaction  in  the  past,  and  with  care  in  weighing,  selec- 
tion of  the  furnace  and  observing  certain  precautions 
in  melting  the  various  metals,  excellent  results  can  be 
obtained  with  very  little  loss. 

With  the  exception  of  the  modification  of  the  Alexan- 
der method  for  lead,  the  methods  may  be  old,  but  they 
have  been  selected  from  the  many  methods  in  use  for 
their  simplicity,  neatness  and  accuracy  of  analysis  of  a 
babbitt,  of  known  composition. 

At  the  same  time  reactions  and  data  have  been  inserted, 
which  will  be  of  interest  to  the  student  in  analytical 
chemistry. 

There  is  included,  the  titles  of  many  methods  by 
different  chemists  for  the  analysis  of  white  metals  and 


white  metal  alloys,  and  also  an  extensive  bibliography 
of  books  on  metallurgical  engineering. 

To  the  young  chemist,  for  whom  this  book  has  been 
especially  written,  it  is  the  earnest  desire  that  it  may  be 
of  pleasure  and  profit. 

I  desire  to  publicly  thank  Dr.  F.  W.  Schwartz  for 
reading  the  manuscript  and  Miss  Helen  T.  Gibney  for 

reading  the  proofs. 

JAMES  BRAKES. 


CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION. 

CHAPTER  I. 
ANTIMONY. 

PAGES 

Properties,  etc — Qualitative — Quantitative- 
Volumetric  and  Electrolytic  Analysis — Biblio- 
graphy of  Antimony  Analysis 3-21 

CHAPTER  II. 
TIN. 

Properties,  etc — Qualitative — Quantitative — 
Volumetric  and  Electrolytic  Analysis — Biblio- 
graphy of  Tin  Analysis 22-46 

CHAPTER  III. 
LEAD. 

.  Properties,  etc — Qualitative — Quantitative — 
Volumetric,  Gravimetric  and  Electrolytic 
Analysis — Bibliography  of  Lead  Analysis 47-76 


INTRODUCTION 


'"pO  IZAAC  BABBITT,  to  whom  recognition  is  given 
•**  as  one  that  made  a  special  study  of  bearing  metal  and 
was  so  successful  in  the  art  of  making  anti-friction 
alloys,  that  his  name  has  been  used  to  indicate  the 
process  as  well  as  that  of  the  alloy. 

According  to  Buchanan,  the  original  patent  was  issued 
for  a  particular  form  of  bearing  and  not  for  a  special 
anti-friction  alloy. 

The  original  was  composed  of  90  parts  of  tin  and  10 
parts  of  copper,  later,  it  was  said  to  be  a  mixture  of  tin, 
antimony  and  copper.  A  "hardening"  is  first  prepared 
by  melting  24  parts  of  tin,  8  parts  of  antimony  and  4 
parts  copper.  Each  metal  is  melted  separately,  covered 
with  powdered  charcoal  to  prevent  oxidation.  The 
antimony  is  added  to  the  tin  after  fusion  and  the  copper 
after  the  molten  alloy  is  removed  from  the  furnace. 
This  hardening,  either  in  the  form  of  ingots  or  direct 
from  the  furnace,  is  added  to  twice  its  weight  of  melted 
tin,  the  surface  of  which  is  covered  with  powdered  coal 
and  the  resulting  alloy  is  termed  the  lining  metal,  with 
a  theoretical  composition  of  tin  96  parts,  antimony  8 
parts  and  copper  4  parts,  or  tin  88.89%,  antimony  7.41% 
and  copper  370%. 


F  BABBITT 

The  process  of  making  the  anti-friction  alloy  is  again 
described  as  melting  4  parts  of  copper,  add  8  parts  of 
antimony,  allow  to  cool  to  dull  red  heat,  then  add  16 
parts  of  tin.  This  alloy  is  also  termed  "hardening" 
which  is  added  to  twice  its  weight  of  tin,  the  surface  of 
the  molten  metal  being  covered  as  before  with  powdered 
coal. 

Time  has  changed  the  formula  and  mode  of  manu- 
facture of  the  above  alloy,  which  at  one  time  was 
extensively  used,  but  it  has  been  replaced  in  many  cases 
by  other  alloys  in  which  a  portion  of  the  tin  has  been 
substituted  by  lead  and  zinc,  hence  in  recent  years  there 
are  many  anti-friction  alloys  on  the  market  that  are 
called  babbitt,  and  the  change  of  formula  has  been 
altered  and  influenced  by  the  high  price  of  tin  and  also 
by  the  general  satisfaction  that  other  alloys  have  given. 

Each  year  the  babbitt  industry  is  becoming  greater, 
and  the  alloys  has  been  improved  by  the  addition  of  a 
small  percentage  of  certain  metals  (for  which  patents 
have  been  granted),  which  imparts  a  fine  close  and 
compact  body  to  the  alloy,  thereby  increasing  its  wearing 
and  lasting  qualities  far  greater  than  that  of  ordinary 
babbitt. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

COPPER. 

PAGES. 

Properties,  etc — Qualitat !  ve — Quantitative — 
Volumetric,  Gravimetric  and  Electrolytic 
Analysis — Bibliography  of  Copper  Analysis.  . .  .  77-117 


CHAPTER  V. 
MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS 

Determination  of  Magnesium  and  Bismuth 
in  Babbitt — Qualitative  Analysis  of  Babbitt — 
Miscellaneous — Bibliography  of  White  Metal 
Analysis 118-135 


CHAPTER  VI. 
BABBITT  METAL. 

Notes  on  the  Manufacture  of  Babbitt — 
Examples  of  Calculations — Sampling  of  Babbitt 
— Bibliography  of  Metallurgy — Key  to  Publish- 
ers. .  .  136-169 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES 


CHAPTER  I. 

ANTIMONY. 

(Stibium.) 

Said  to  have  been  discovered  by  Basil  Valentine,  a 
monk  of  Germany,  in  the  fifteenth  century.  Schelenz1 
states  that  the  name  antimony  comes  from  the  Arabic. 
Wang  Chung,  Yu2  has  treated  the  subject  of  antimony 
in  a  thorough  manner. 

Properties,  etc. — Chemical  symbol,  Sb ;  atomic  weight, 
120.2;  trivalent  usually;  Sp.  Gr.  6.7133;  molten, 
6.55  (631°C)4;  melting  point,  632°C.5;  volatilizes  at 
about  1500°C.  Specific  heat  at  about  melting  point, 
.0546;  latent  heat  of  fusion,  (calculated)  16.0  Cal.T; 
increase  in  volume  on  melting,  1.4%8;  electrical  conduc- 
tivity (Ag=lOQ)  4.69;  casting  temperature  710°- 
1050°C10;  Foliated,  crystalline  scale  like  structure;  sil- 
ver white-color  when  pure,  but  the  commercial  has  a 
bluish-white  tint;  strong  metallic  lustre;  very  brittle  and 
easily  reduced  to  powder;  neither  ductile  or  malleable; 
not  readily  acted  upon  by  the  air;  tarnishs  slowly  in 
warm  moist  air;  burns  with  a  blueish  white  light  when 
heated  to  redness  in  the  air ;  alloys  particularly  with  the 

1 Antimony.    Schelenz.    Z.    Angew.  Chem.,  26,  1311-2. 
1 'Antimony.     Wang  Chung  Yu.    (f). 
*Long.  'Richards. 

'Pascal  and  Joumiaux.  *Tocplar. 

*Pouillet.  'Matthiessen. 

•Hofman.  ™Wust. 


4  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

metals,  Pbt  Bi,  Sn,  Cu,  Ni  and  Fe.  Used  technically  in 
the  manufacture  of  alloys  (Britannia  metal,  hard  lead, 
white  metal,  bearing  metal);  imparting  hardness  and 
expansion  to  alloys  when  cooling  from  .the  molten  state; 
manufacture  of  thermoelectric  piles,  blacking  iron,  coat- 
ing metals,  antimony  black;  is  employed  to  impart  a 
metallic  surface  to  plaster  casts  and  to  cast  zinc  orna- 
ments ;  alloy  for  printing  type ;  preparation  of  tartar 
emetic  and  other  pharmaceutical  products;  the  metal  is 
at  present  rarely  used  medicinally,  but  at  one  time  was 
used  for  leprosy;  the  slow  cooling  of  the  commercial 
metal  produces  a  peculiar  coarse  laminated,  crystalline, 
rhombohedra  structure  required  in  commerce,  which  is 
regarded  as  the  best  star-antimony,  whereas,  if  cooled 
quickly,  the  fracture  is  granular.  Native  antimony 
usually  contains  Ag,  Fe  and  As,  with  a  specific  gravity 
of  6.5-7.  In  combination  with  other  ores,  but  the  chief 
ore  is  stibnite,  Sb2SB.  A  high  fusion  point  is  a  sign  of 
its  impurity;  pure  metal  is  usually  prepared  by  the 
Liebig  process1 ;  important  in  the  refining  of  argentiferous 
lead;  dissolves  slowly  in  hot  HCl;  converted  to  the  pen- 
toxide  by  HNOB ;  H2SO±  first  oxidizes  it  and  then  con- 
verts it  to  the  sulphate;  soluble  in  cold  aqua  regia,  and 
the  solution  contains  SbCl3  or  SbCl6,  depending  upon  the 
concentration  of  the  acid  and  the  time  of  action ;  anti- 
mony pigments  as  a  substitute  for  white  lead  and  zinc 
paint,  being  innocuous,  permanent  and  sun  proof;  the 
use  of  the  sulphide  in  the  rubber  industry.  Commercial 
antimony  (98.46%  Sb.)  Sp.  Gr.  6.69.  1  cubic  foot  weighs 
417.6  pounds.  Immense  quantities  of  Sb  compounds  are 
used  in  wall  paper,  textile  fabrics,  paper  dyeing  and 
printing.  No  clearly  defined  case  of  antimonial  poison- 

*Rosc.  and  Schorni.     Vol.  II,  Pt.  II,  304. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  5 

ing  has  been  established,1  but  opinion  differs  as  to  the 
poisonous  action  of  Sb  on  workmen.  A  very  small  per- 
centage of  Sb  in  Cu  lowers  its  conductivity.  According 
to  Hiorns  and  Lamb,  the  effect  of  Sb  on  the  conductivity 
of  Cu  is  indicated  by  the  following  figures  .000%  Sb, 
100;  .098%,  76;  .203%,  70;  .208%,  68.5;  .392%,  58.4; 
.461%,  48.9;  .605%,  42.4;  patents  have  been  granted  for 
the  manufacture  of  finely  divided  Sb  by  electrolysis,  for 
medicinal  uses.  Schrumpt  and  Zabel  state  that  type- 
setters suffer  from  a  general  debility  and  that  the 
complaint  was  traced  to  Sb  poisoning.  According  to 
Poppe  and  Polenski,  Sb  added  to  barley  flour,  used  for 
fattening  geese,  does  not  produce  an  abnormally  fat  liver 
as  generally  believed.  Flour  containing  no  Sb  seems  to 
produce  the  same  results.  Seltzer  and  carbonated  waters 
have  an  action  upon  the  alloys  of  Sn,  Sn-Pb  or  Sn-Sb, 
used  for  stopping  the  siphons.  The  action  is  assisted 
by  electrolytic  action ;  antimony  has  been  found  in  foods 
that  have  been  prepared  in  enameled  cooking  utensils. 
Chinese  "crude"  Sb  contains  Sb2O3  and  metallic  Sb. 
(Schoeller).  Kahlbaum's  "technical"  Sb  contains  as 
impurities  Cu,  Pb,  Fc,  Ni,  Co,  Sn  and  As  (impurity=: 
1:102),  and  Kahlbaum's  "pure"  Sb  is  of  higher  purity, 
but  the  ratio  of  the  impurities  to  Sb  has  not  been  estab- 
lished. (Mylius).  According  to  Guettier  the  specific 
gravity  of  Sb-Sn  alloys  is  below  that  of  the  calculated 
specific  gravity  of  the  mixture.  The  best  alloys-  of  Sb 
and  Sn  are  made  by  having  nearly  the  proportion  of  Sb 
20  parts  and  Sn  80  parts,  casting  at  a  low  temperature 
and  using  cold  molds  to  prevent  segregation  of  Sb. 

*Textil  Faerb.-Ztg.,  8,  39,  also  Loewenthal.     Chem.     Ztg.,  33, 
1325. 


6  ,  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Hardness  (talc=l),  3.31  ;  coefficient  of  linear  expansion 
per  degree  C.  (O°-100°)  .00001682;  normal  to  axis, 
.00000892;  tensile  strength  at  ordinary  temperature 
(pounds  per  square  inch)  cast,  1,000;  specific  heat  for 
t°C.,  Sm  (o  to  0  .04864+  .0000084**  ;  specific  heat  at 
about  15°C,  .0482;  at  1°-20°,  .0503;  at  632°-830°C., 
.0603.  Boiling  point,  visible  ebullition,  1420°C.4; 
Young's  Modulus5  (£)=7.8x  1011  ;  modulus  of  rigidity 
5({i)=2xl011. 

Metallurgical  processes.  (1)  liquation  process;  (2) 
Crucible  process;  (3)  open-hearth  process;  (4)  English 
process;  (5)  volatilization  process  ;  (6)  French  process; 
(7)  electrolysis;  (8)  elec.  furnace  process. 

The  process  used,  depends  upon  the  locality,  cost  of 
production,  market  price  and  demand  for  the  metal. 
Natural  Sources: 

Native  Antimony,  (Sb)  rare;  STIBNITE,  (Sb2S3)  ; 
valentinite,  (Sb2Oz)  ;  senarmontite,  (Sb2O3)  ;  cervantite, 
(Sb2OJ  ;  stiblithe,  (S£204+/f2O)  ;  kermesite,  (2Sb2S3 
Sb2O3)  ;  also  waste  product  from  smelting  ores  as 
pyrargyrite,  (AgQSb2SQ)  ;  berthierite,  (FeSb2S4)  ;  freiesle- 
benite,  (Ag^Sb^^  ;  wolfsbergite,  (Cu2Sb2S4)  ;  bournan- 
ite,  ((Cu2Pb)3Sb2SQ)-,  boulangerite,  (PbSb2S4)  ;  blein- 
ierite,  (Pb2Sb2S5)  ;  dyscrasite,  (Ag2Sb)  ;  ullmannite, 
((NiSSbAs)2);  breithauptite,  (NiSb)  ;  allemontite, 


Mining  Localities: 

Andieasberg  in  the  Harz;  Przibram  in  Bohemia;  Sahl 
in  Sweden  ;  Sarawak  in  Borneo  ;  Constantine  in  Turkey  ; 
Tuscany  in  Italy;  Algeria,  Canada,  Mexico,  France, 
United  States,  Chili,  Japan,  China,  Nova  Scotia  and  New 
South  Wales. 

*Mohs.    *Hofman.    lNaccaria.    'Greenwood.    *Bridgman. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  7 

References: 

Antimony.     Wang.   (/). 

The  Antimony  Industry.     Howard,  (g). 
Production  of  Antimony  in  the  United  States.1 

The  production  of  antimony  ore  in  the  United  States 
in  1916  amounted  to  about  4,470  short  tons,  carrying 
about  1,770  short  tons  of  antimony.  Alaska  produced 
during  the  year  of  1917,  antimony  valued  at  $40,000. 
Production  of  Antimony  in  the  United  States.2 

Antimony  in  antimonial  lead  in  1914  was  3,535  tons. 
Antimony  from  domestic  ores  in  1915  was  about  2,100 
tons.  This  does  not  include  the  production  of  antimony 
in  antimonial  lead  which  was  3,288  tons.  The  produc- 
tion of  1916  was  much  smaller  owing  to  the  rapid  decline 
of  antimony  prices. 
Commercial  Metals.3 

Analysis  of  some  of  the  more  important  brands  of 
antimony : 

Cookson's— Sb  (by  difference),  99.874;  Pb,  .041;  Sn, 
.035;  As,  tr.-,  CM/ .04;  Fe,  .010;  Zn,  tr.  Cookson's— 
Sb  (by  difference,  99.608;  Pb,  .102;  Sn,  tr.-,  As,  .092; 
Bi,  none;  Cu,  .046;  Cd,  none;  Fet  .004;  Zn,  .034;  Ni  and 
Co,  .028;  S,  .086.  Hallett's— Sb  (by  difference),  99.104; 
Pb,  .669;  Sn,  .175;  As,  tr.;  Cu,  .038;  Fe,  .014;  Zn,  tr. 
Hallett's— Sb  (by  difference),  99.045;  Pb,  .718;  Sn, 
.012;  As,  .021;  Bi,  none;  Cu,  .046;  Cd,  none;  Fe,  .007; 
Zn,  .023;  Ni  and  Co,  none;  S,  .128.  Japanese— Sb  (by 
difference),  99.325;  Pb,  .443;  Sn,  .175;  As,  .008;  Cu, 
.034;  Fe,  .015;  Zn,  tr.  Japanese— Sb,  99.195;  Pb,  .424; 
Sn,  .012 ;  As,  .095 ;  Bi,  none ;  Cu,  .043 ;  Cd,  none ;  Fe, 

*U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  (communication). 
*Met.  and  Chem.  Eng.  (communication). 
*Min.  and  Sci.  Press,  July  10,  1915. 


8  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

.007;  Zn,  .023;  Ni  and  Co,  none; S,  .201.  Chinese— 5& 
(by  difference),  99.915;  Pb,  .018;  Sn,  .035;  As,  .017; 
CM,  .008;  Fe,  .007;  Zn,  *r.  Chinese—^,  99.760;  Pb, 
.029;  5"n,  none;  As,  .090;  Cd,  none;  F*,  .004;  Zn,  .027; 
JW  and  Co,  tr. ;  S,  .078. 
Qualitative  Analysis. 

Dissolve  .2-.3  gram  of  the  powdered  metal  in  2  or  3 
c.  c.  of  hot  aqua  regia,  add  20  c.  c.  of  water  and  about 
1  gram  of  A/a2S03+7  H2O.  Heat  nearly  to  boiling,  and 
when  the  odor  of  S02  is  perceptible,  pour  the  solution 
into  about  300  c.  c.  of  cold  water.  If  Sb  is  present,  a 
white  bulky  precipitate  of  ANTIMONIOUS  OXYCHLORIDE 
(powder  of  Algaroth),  will  be  precipitated. 

4S&C/3+5   H2O=2    (Sb  O  Cl)    ^2O3+10  HCl 

Precipitate  soluble  in  H2(C^H406)  and  water,  repre- 
cipitated  by  H2S  as  Sb2Ss,  orange-red  precipitate. 
(Bi  O  Cl  under  similar  conditions,  will  become  black 
Biff). 

Dissolve  .1-.2  gram  of  the  powdered  metal,  in  1  or  2 
c.  c.  of  aqua  regia,  and  evaporate  to  dryness  Add  1-2 
c.  c.  of  HCl  and  about  10  c.  c.  of  water  and  heat  until 
solution  is  clear.  Place  a  piece  of  metallic  Zn,  supported 
on  platinum  foil  in  the  solution  and  allow  to  stand  a 
few  minutes,  remove  the  black  stained  foil,  place  in 
small  beaker  and  add  2  drops  of  HNOS,  H2(C±H4Oe) 
and  water,  and  heat  to  dissolve.  Filter,  if  necessary, 
and  add  H2S  to  the  nitrate ;  an  orange-red  precipitate  of 
.  Sb2S3  indicates  Sb. 

Heat  with  the  blow-pipe  on  charcoal,  a  small  fragment 
of  the  metal  and  condense  the  copious  white  fumes  on 
cold  procelain.  Place  1  or  2  drops  of  (NH^)2S  in  con- 
tact with  the  white  sublimate ;  an  orange-red  coloration 
indicates  Sb,  due  to  the  change  of  the  volatile  Sb2Oz  to 
Sb2S3. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  9 

Dry  on  a  filter,  a  portion  of  the  white  precipitate 
obtained  by  the  addition  of  water.  Moisten  wkh  a  few 
drops  of  (NH4)2S',  an  orange  stain  indicates  Sb2S9m,  a 
black  color  denotes  Bi2Ss. 

H2S  precipitates  all  the  Sb  from  moderately  acid  anti- 
monious  solutions  as  Sb2Ss ;  imperfectly  from  alkaline 
and  neutral  solutions. 

Sb2S3  is  insoluble  in  (NH4)2CO3  and  dilute  acids; 
soluble  in  concentrated  HCl  with  evolution  of  H2S\ 
soluble  in  KHO  and  alkaline  sulphides  containing  an 
excess  of  5\ 

H2S  precipitates  Sb2S5,  mixed  with  Sb2Ss  and  free  S 
from  HCl  solutions  of  antimonic  acid.    Soluble  in  boiling 
HCl,  hot  NaHO  and  NH4HO  ;  soluble  in  (NHJ^S,  from 
which  solution  it  is  reprecipitated  by  HCl. 
Quantitative  Analysis. 
K2Mn2O8  Method. 

Volumetric  Method. — Place  .5  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  a  dry  400  c.  c.  beaker.  Add  10  c.  c.  of 
strong  H2SO4,  cover  and  heat  until  the  alloy  is  entirely 
decomposed  (about  10  or  15  minutes).  Cool,  add  150 
c.  c.  of  water,  15  c.  c.  of  strong  HCl  and  boil  5  minutes. 
Cool  and  titrate  rapidly  with  standard  K2Mn2O8  solution 
to  a  rose  color.  Subtract  blank  and  calculate  Sb. 
(titration  must  be  rapid  and  the  first  coloration  taken). 

K2Mn2O8+5  SbClz+\6  HCl= 

5  SbCl5+  2  HCl+2  AfnC/,+8  H«0 

"l20.2  " 

K2Mn2O8=W  Fe—S  Sb.     Sb=2  Fe= = 

111.68 

1.0763,  and  therefore  multiply  the  Fe  factor  by  1.0763 
and  the  product  will  equal  the  Sb  factor. 
Standard  K2Mn2O8  Solution.1 

*This  solution  is  also  used  for  Fe,  P,  Mn,  Ti  and  CaO. 


10  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Dissolve  3.70  grams  of  K2Mn2OB  c.  p.,  in  1000  c.  c.  of 
water  and  standardize  as  follows  : 

Dissolve  1.4  grams  of  FeSO^NH^^SO^+6  H20 
(14.24%  Fe.  Merck,  blue  label),  in  a  cold  mixture  of 
150  c.  c.  of  water+10  c.  c.  of  H2SO^  titrate  to  a  rose 
color  and  subtract  blank. 


2SOt  +  6  H20  X  .1424 
1  c.  c.=- 

31.  c.  c.—.l  c.  c.  K2Mn2Os  solution 

—.006451  gram  of  Fe,  and  .006451  X  1.0763= 
.006943  gram  of  Sb. 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

.006943  X  12.8  c.  c.—.l  c.  c.  K2Mn2O   solution 

.5  gram  of  alloy 
X100=:17.63%  Sb. 

Mixture  calculation^  18.00%  Sb  and,  as  the  commer- 
cial  metal    contained   98.46%,    the   actual   content   was 
17.72%  Sb. 
Determination  of  Sb  in  Commercial  Metal. 

Weigh  .5  gram  and  treat  as  usual,  until  the  final  solu- 
tion obtained  is  ready  for  titration.  Transfer  solution  to 
a  250  c.  c.  marked  flask,  dilute  to  the  mark  and  mix 
thoroughly.  (1  c.  c.  of  solution  contains  .002  gram  of 
metal).  Take  100  c.  c.  of  the  solution  with  pipette  and 
place  in  400  c.  c.  beaker.  Add  10  c.  c.  HCl  and  titrate 
the  cold  solution  with  standard  K2Mn20&.  Subtract 
blank  and  calculate  Sb.  Accuracy  of  method,  98.38%- 
98.55%  Sb. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  11 

The  K2Mn2O8  solution  can  be  standardized  with 
KSbC4H4O7.  y2H2O\  C.  P.  From  the  formula,  it  should 
contain  36.16%  Sb.  The  Sb  must  be  determined  in  the 
salt,  before  it  can  be  used  as  a  standardizing  reagent  and 
this  can  be  done  very  accurately  by  the  following  method. 

Place  .5  gram  of  the  pure  salt  in  400  c.  c.  beaker  and 
dissolve  in  10  c  .c.  of  hot  water.  Add  15  c.c.  of  strong 
HCl  and  100  c.  c.  of  water.  Cool  and  titrate  as  usual, 
with  standard  K2Mn2O6  solution.  Multiply  the  Fe  factor 
by  1.0763  and  the  product  will  equal  the  Sb  factor. 
.006764X277  c.  c.—.l  c.  c.  K2Mn2OB  solution 

A= 

.5  gram 
X  100=37.33%  Sb. 

.006764X27.7  c.  c.—.l  c.c.  KMn2O8  solution 

B= 

.  5  gram 
X  100=37.33%  Sb. 

The  salt  is  permanent,  as  the  results  from  the  above 
sample  gave  ten  years  later,  the  following  results. 
.006904X27.1  c.  c.—.l  c.  c.  K2Mn2O8  solution 

C= 

.5  gram 

X  100=37.28%  Sb. 
N/IQ  K2Mn2O8  Solution. 

Dissolve  3.16  grams  of  K2Mn2O8  C.P.  in  1  liter  of 
water.     1  c.  c.=. 005584  gram  of  Fe  (theoretical),  and 
K2Mn2O8=lO  Fe,  also  Sb=2  Fe  then 
111.68: 120.2=.005584:X.       X=.00601    gram    of    Sb. 
(theoretical). 
KBrO3  Method. 

V*  is  said  that  a  small  portion  of  the  Sb  in  tartar  emetic  is 
present  as  antimonic  salt.  (Coblentz  and  May.  Merck's  Report 
18,  195.) 


12  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Volumetric  Method. — Place  .5  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  a  400  c.  c.  beaker.  Add  20  c.  c.  of  HCl 
and  a  few  drops  of  bromine.  Shake  frequently  and 
warm  gently  until  dissolved.  Dilute  to  75  c.  c.  with  water 
and  boil  until  free  from  Br  (about  8  minutes).  Dilute 
with  water  to  125  c.  c.  Add  1  gram  of  Na2SO3.  7H2O 
and  boil  down  to  75  c.  c.  Wash  cover  and  sides  of  beaker 
with  water,  add  10  c.  c.  HCl  and  heat  to  boiling.  Add 
3  drops  of  methyl  orange  solution  (.05  gram  of  the  salt 
dissolved  in  15  c,  c.  of  water)  and  titrate  with  standard 
KBr03  until  the  solution  is  colorless. 
AT/10  KBrO3  Solution. 

Dissolve  2.7836  grams  of  pure  KBr03  in  1000  c.  c.  of 
water. 

2  KBrOs+2  HCl+3  Sb«08= 

2  KCl+2  HBr+3  Sb,O, 
2  KBr03=6  Sb 
2  K£rO3=167.02X2=334.04 
6  Sb        =120.2  X6=721.2 
334.04 :  721.2=2.7836 :  X  X=6.01 

1000  c.  c.  AT/10  KBrO3  V.  S.  containing  2.7836      grams 

KBrO3=6.Ql  grams  Sb. 

1  c.c.  AT/10  KBrOs  V.S.  containing  .0027836  gram 
^£rO3=.00601  gram    Sb.   (theoretical.) 

Standardize  the  KBrO3  solution  as  follows :  Place  .5 
gram  of  KSbC^H4O7.  */>  H20,  C.  P.  in  400  c.  c.  beaker 
and  dissolve  in  10  c.  c.  of  hot  water.  Add  30  c.  c.  HCl, 
dilute  to  75  c.  c.  with  water  and  heat  to  boiling.  Add  3 
drops  of  methyl  orange  solution  and  titrate  with  KBrO3 
solution. 

'   .3733X.5  gramKSbCtH4O7.   */2  H*O 

1  c.  c.= —  =.005992  gram  Sb. 

31.15  c.  c. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  13 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

.005992X14.9  c.  c.  KBrO3  solution 

X  100=17.85%  Sb. 

.5  gram  of  alloy 

Electrolytic  Method. — Place  .5-1  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  150  c.  c.  beaker  and  warm  gently  with  a 
mixture  of  4  grams  of  H2C^H4O6-\-4  c.  c.  of 
HNOi(L42)+l5  c.c.  of  water,  "heat  and  shake  until 
solution  is  complete.  Add  4  c.  c.  of  //..SO  4(  1.84),  dilute 
with  20  c.  c.  of  cold  water  and  transfer  to  a  250  c.  c, 
marked  flask.  Cool,  dilute  to  the  mark,  mix  and  allow 
to  settle.  Take  50  c.  c.  with  pipette,  place  in  250  c.  c. 
beaker  and  neutralize  with  a  concentrated  solution  of 
NaHO.  Add  2  grams  in  excess  and  heat  gently  to  obtain 
a  clear  solution.  Add  50  c.  c.  of  a  saturated  solution  of 
Na2S(1.20),  heat  to  boiling  and  allow  to  settle.  Filter 
and  wash  with  30  c.  c.  Na2S  solution  (1.20)  diluted  with 
water.  The  solution  should  now  contain  80  c.  c.  of 
saturated  solution  of  Na2S  and  2  grams  of  NaHO. 
Evaporate  or  dilute  to  125  c.  c.,  add  25  c.  c.  of  alkaline 
solution  of  H2O2(3%)  and  heat  the  solution  until  it  is 
nearly  colorless.  Electrolyze  with  a  current  of  ND100= 
1.5-1.6  amperes  and  2.1-1.45  volts.  Time  2.5  to  6  hours. 
When  the  Sb  is  all  deposited,  wash  the  cathode  with 
distilled  water  without  interrupting  the  current,  by  lower- 
ing the  beaker  and  directing  a  fine  spray  of  water  over 
the  surface  of  the  cathode,  and  then  immerse  in  C2H60 
for  a  few  seconds.  Dry  in  air  bath  for  15  minutes  at  a 
temperature  of  80°-90°C.  Cool  and  weigh. 

Weight  taken=.5  gram  and  solution  diluted  to  250  c.  c. 

.5  gram 
then  50  c.c.=.l  gram  ( X50=.l). 

250  c.  c. 


14  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The  area  of  the  electrode  cylinder  of  platinum  gauze= 

1.6  amperes 

6.3  sq.  in.=40.6  sq.   cm.  and =4  amperes. 

.406 

Used  4  amperes— 3.1  volts,  (four  32  c.  p.  carbon  lamps 
in  parallel.)     Time  2.5  hours. 

(1)   Cylinder-f  deposit^  10.0505  grams. 
•=10.0414      " 


.0091  gram. 

XI  00=9. 10%    Sb. 
.1  gram  alloy. 


(2)   Cylinder-f  deposit=  10.0504  grams. 
=  10.0412     " 


.0092  gram. 

X  100=9.20^0    Sb. 
.1  gram  alloy. 

(3)  K2Mn208  Method=9.13%  Sb. 

According  to  Classen,  "the  following  equations  prob- 
ably represent  the  reactions  which  take  place  in  the 
electrolysis  of  the  antimony  sulpho-salt." 

At  the  cathode: 

Sb2Sz+3  Na2S+6  H=2  Sb+6  NaHS. 

At  the  anode: 

6  NaHS+3  O=3  Na2S2+3  H2O. 

After  the  cathode  and  the  deposit  of  antimony  has 
been  weighed,  place  it  in  a  solution  of  dilute  HNOz(l  :1) 
and  allow  to  stand  about  1  hour.  Should  the  above 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  15 

solution  fail  to  remove  the  deposit,  fill  a  50  c.  c.  platinum 
crucible  with  HKSO^  within  l/4  inch  of  the  top.  Fuse, 
place  cathode  in  the  melted  salt  and  allow  to  remain 
3  to  5  minutes.  Remove,  cool  and  place  in  warm  water 
containing  HCl  and,  after  the  salt  has  dissolved,  wash 
thoroughly  with  water.  Dry  and  the  cathode  is  ready 
for  use. 

To  determine  the  end  of  the  electrolytic  reaction,  place 
a   bright   piece    of    platinum    foil    in    contact   with    the 
cathode.      Should   there   be  a   deposit,    redissolve   it   by 
placing  the   foil  in  contact  with   the  anode. 
Sodium  Sulphide  Solution. 

Dissolve  85  grams  of  NaHO  in  200  c.  c.  of  water 
(Sp.  Gr.  of  solution^  1.3).  Divide  the  solution  into  two 
parts  and  pass  H2S  through  one  part,  free  from  air, 
until  the  odor  of  H2S  in  solution  is  decided.  Filter, 
add  the  remaining  part  and  pass  H2S  until  the  solution 
is  saturated.  Filter  through  cotton,  cork  tightly  and 
set  aside  in  cool  dark  place.1 

In  passing  H2S  through  the  colorless  solution  of 
NaHO,  the  color  becomes  in  succession,  yellow,  orange, 
brown  and  finally,  a  straw  color  when  the  solution  is 
saturated  with  H2S.  The  volume  increases  from  200 
c.  c.  to  290  c.  c.  Sp.  Gr.  1.20.  Time  12  to  15  hours  for 
the  absorption  of  H2S. 

2  NaHO+H2S=Na2S+2  H2O 
80+34    =78     +36 

80 :  78=85 :  X  X=82.8  grams 

34:78=X:82.8  X=36.1  grams 

*If  the  monosulphide  is  required,  saturate  one  half  of  the 
NaHO  solution  with  H2S,  add  the  other  half  and  filter  directly 
into  stoppered  bottles. 


16  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

36.1  grams. 


-=23.6  liters  of  H2S, 


1.53  grams. 
at  O°C.  and  760  ni.m.  of  Hg. 

Saturated   solution  of   Na2S  made   from   the   salt. 

At  10° C— 1.15  Sp.  Gr. 
"   25  °C— 1.20    "     " 
"    32°C— 1.20    "    " 
"    38°  C— 1.225  "     " 

To  prepare  the  Na2S  solution  for  the  separation  of 
Sn  and  Sb  from  the  other  metals,  dissolve  the  colorless 
c.  p.  salt  in  water  as  needed.  Saturate  with  washed  H2S, 
allow  to  settle,  filter,  bottle,  cork  tightly  and  keep  in 
cool  dark  place. 

The    following    methods    for    the    determination    of 
antimony  will  be  of  interest  to  the  analyst: 
Determination  of  Antimony  in  Ores.     Brown.     Journ. 

American  Chem.  Soc.,  Sept.,  1899. 

Volumetric  Estimation  of  Antimony.     Darroch.     Chem- 
ical Engineer,  Aug.,  1906. 
Antimony  in  Babbitt  and  Type  Metals.    Yockey.    Journ. 

American  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1906. 
Technical  Estimation  of  Antimony  and  Arsenic  in  Ores, 

Etc.  Low.  Journ.  American  Chem.  Soc.,  Dec.,  1906. 
Determination  of  Antimony  and  Tin  in  Babbitt,  Type 

Metal    or    Other    Alloys.      Low.      Journ     American 

Chem.  Soc.,  Jan.,  1907. 

Volumetric  Estimation  of  Antimony.     Duncan.     Chem- 
ical Engineer,  March,  1907. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  17 

Determination    of    Antimony    and    Arsenic    in    Lead- 
Antimony  Alloys.     Howard.     Journ.  American  Chem. 

Soc.,  March,  1908. 
Purity  and  Volatility  of  Precipitated  Antimony  Sulphide. 

Youtz.     Journ.  American  Chem.  Soc.,  June,  1908. 
Separation   of    Tin   and   Antimony.       McCay.       Journ. 

American  Chem.  Soc.,  March,   1909. 
Rapid,    Practical    Method    for    the    Determination    of 

Antimony   and  Tin  in  Alloys   such  as   Babbitts   and 

Solders.     Vietz.     Chemical  Engineer,   Oct.,   1910. 
Analysis    of    Tin-Antimony    Alloys.       McCay.       Journ. 

American  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1910. 
Gravimetric  Estimation  of  Antimony  and  Tin.     Cohen 

and  Morgan.     Analyst,  34,  3-9.— 34,  3-10. 
The  Rapid  Electroanalytical  Deposition  and  Separation 

of  Antimony  and  Tin.     Sand.,  J.     Chem.  Soc.,  93-4, 

1572-92  (Aug.). 
The    Separation    of   Antimony    and    Tin.       Panajotow. 

City  Chem.  Lab.,  Sophia.  Ber.,  42,  1296-9. 
The    Quantitative   Determination   of    Antimony   by   the 

Gutzeit  Method.     Sanger  and   Riegel.     Chem.   Lab., 

Harvard  Univ.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 
The  Volumetric  Determination  of  Antimony.     Schmidt. 

Chem.-Ztg.,  34,  453-5. 
Separation  of  Antimony  and  Tin  by  Distillation.     Plato. 

Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  68,  26-47. 
Determination   of   Tin   and   Antimony   in   Soft   Solder. 

Goodwin.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  3,  34. 
The  Determination  of  Arsenic  and  Antimony  in  Copper. 

Heath.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  3,  78-82. 
Note  on  the  Detection  and  Estimation  of  Small  Quanti- 
ties   of    Antimony.        Schidrowitz    and    Goldsbrough 

Analyst,  36,  101-3. 


18  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Volumetric  Method  for  Antimony.      Jamieson.    J.  Ind. 

Eng.  Chem.,  3,  250-1. 
Determination    of    Antimony    in    Red    Rubber    Goods. 

Schmitz.     Gummi  Ztg.,  25,   1928. 
The   Examination   of    Antimony    and    Tin    in    Metallic 

Alloys.     Belasio.     Ann.  lab.  chim.  centr.  delle  Gabell, 

6;  Giorn.  farm,  chim.,  61,  499-500. 
The   Estimation   of   Arsenic   and   Antimony.       Hooper. 

Eng.  Mining  J.,  94,  706-7. 
Analysis  of  Antimony  and  Lead  Compounds  Containing 

Oxygen.     Jacobsohn.     Chem.  Ztg.,  32,  984  (Oct.,  7). 
Analysis  of  Alloys  of  Antimony.     Nicolardot  and  Krell. 

Bui.  soc.  Chim.,  5,  559-62. 
Determination  of  Antimony  in  its  Sulphide  Preparations. 

Howard  and  Harrison.     Pharm.  J.,  83,   142. 
Separation  of  Arsenic  and  by  means  of  the  Knorr  Dis- 
tillation Apparatus.    Smith.    Eng.  Min.  J.,  88,  1062-3. 
The    Precipitation    of    Antimony    from    Solutions    of 

Sulphoantimonate.     Schulte.     Metallurgie,  6,  214-20; 

Chem.  Zentr.,  1909,  I,  1741. 
Application    of     Potassium     Ferricyanide     in    Alkaline 

Solution  to  the  Estimation  of  Arsenic,  Antimony  and 

Tin.     Palmer.     Am.  J.   Sci.,  29,  329-403;  Z.   anorg. 

Chem.,  67,  317. 
The    Determination    of    Antimony.       Beckett.       Chem. 

News,  102,  101-4. 
New    Method    for    the    Determination    of    Tin    in    the 

Presence  of  Antimony.     Sanchez.     Bull.  soc.  chim.,  7, 

890-4. 
Determination    of    Arsenic    and    Antimony    in    Anode 

Copper.    Kern  and  Ching  Yu  Wen.    Met  Chem.  Eng., 

9,  365-7. 
Determination    of    Antimony    in    Red    Rubber    Goods. 

Frank.     Gummi.  Ztg.,  25,  2002. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  19 

Detection  of  Arsenic,  Phosphorus  and  Antimony  in  the 

Medical  Diagnosis  of  Poisoning  from  these  Substances. 

Pedrazzina.    Boll.  chim.  farm.,  50,  134;  J.  Chem.  Soc., 

100,  II,  438. 
New  Method  for  the  Detection  of  Traces  of  Arsenic 

and  Antimony.     Staddon.     Chem.  News,  106,   199. 
The  Analysis  of  Antimony-Tin  Alloys.     Pontio.     Ann. 

chim.  anal.,  18,  47-8. 
Rapid  Methods  for  the  Estimation  of  Antimony.     Nis- 

senson.     Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  81,  46-8. 
The  Determination  of  Arsenic  and  Antimony  in  Con- 
verter and  Electrolytic  Copper.    Brownson.    Bull.  Am. 

Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  No.  80,  1489-95. 
Rapid  Determination  of  Antimony  and  Arsenic  in  Anti- 

monial  Lead  and  Antifriction  Alloys.    Bertiaux.    Ann. 

chim.  anal.,  19,  49-51. 
Use  of  Hydrofluoric  acid  in  the  Separation  of  Copper 

and  Lead  from  Tin  and  Antimony  by  means  of  the 

Electric  Current.     McCay.     J.  Am.  Chem.   Soc.,  36, 

2375-81   (1914). 
Analysis  of  Antimony.     Cowan.     Analysis  of  4  ingots 

of  com.  Sb  are  given.    Chem.  Trade  J.,  56,  6  (1915). 
Rapid  Analysis  of  Alloys  for  Tin,  Antimony  and  Arsenic. 

Stief.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  7,  211-2   (1915). 
Determination  of  Antimony.    Layng.    Mining  Sci.  Press, 

113,  57-8  (1916). 
Simple    Method    of    Estimating   Antimony    in    Stibnite. 

Lehmann    and   Lokau.      Arch.    Pharm.,    252,    408-12 

(1914). 

Method  for  Estimating  Phosphorus,  Arsenic  and  Anti- 
mony in  Commercial  Copper.    Grant.    Chem.,  Analyst, 
.17,  12-3  (1916). 


20  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The     Determination     of     Antimony     in     the     Products 

Obtained  by  Roasting  Stibnite.     Hall  and  Blatchford. 

Bull.  Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  1916,  99-101. 
The   Analysis  of  Antimonial  Lead.     McCabe.     J.   Ind. 

Eng.  Chem.,  9,  42-4  (1917). 
Antimonium     crudum.        McGeorge.       *Hahnemanniam 

Monthly,  52,  303-7  (1917). 
Does  the  Feeding  of  Antimony  Produce  Fatty  Liver  in 

Geese?     Method  for  the  Detection  of  Antimony  and 

Arsenic    in    Goose    Livers.       Poppe    and    Polenske. 

Arb.  Kais.  Gesundh.,  38,  155-61;  Chem.  Zentr.,  1911, 

II,  1158. 
Methods  of  Detection,  Separation  and  Determination  of 

Arsenic  and  Antimony.     Bressanin.     Ann.  chim.  anal., 

17,  81-4. 

Separation  and  Quantitative  Determination  of  Antimony 

in   White   Bearing  Metals.     Compagno.     Atti.   accad. 

Lincei,  21,  I,  473-8. 
Detection,  Separation  and  Determination  of  Arsenic  and 

Antimony.    Bressanin.     Gazz.  chim.  ital.,  42,  I,  494-9 ; 

cf.  C.  A.  6,  1579. 
Determination  of  Chromium  in  Bronze  Containing  Tin 

and  Antimony.     Schilling.     Chem.  Ztg.,  36,  697. 
Lead,    Tin    and    Antimony    Alloys.      Campbell.      Metal- 
^  lurgie,  9,  422-5 ;  cf .  C.  A.,  5,  2063. 
Separation  of  Arsenic  from  Antimony  and  other  Metals 

by   means   of    Methyl   Alcohol   in   a   Stream   of    Air. 

Moser  and  Perjatel.     Monatsh.,  33,  797-820. 
The  Separation  of   Arsenic   from  Antimony  and  other 

Metals  with  some  Applications  to  Toxicological  Work. 

Collins.    Analyst,  37,  229-38. 
Determination  of  Arsenic  and  Antimony  in  Alloys  and 

of  Arsenic  in  Copper.     Bressanin.     Ann.  chim.  anal., 

18,  468-74;  C.  A.,  7,  35;  6,  1579. 


ANTIMONY  PROPERTIES  21 

Determination   of    Antimony   in    its    Minerals.      Caffin. 

Mon.  Sci.  (5)  4,  148-9. 
Detection  of  Antimony  in  Qualitative  Inorganic  Analysis. 

Peterson.    Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  88,  108. 
Determination  of  Antimony  by  Oxidation  of  an  Alkaline 

Antimonite.     Gastaldi  and  Pertusi.     Rend.  soc.  chim. 

ital.,  4,  83    (1914);  through  Ann.  chim.  applicata,  I, 

567. 
The    Quantitative     Determination    of     Antimony    with 

Especial   Reference  to  Golden   Sulfide  of  Antimony. 

Gummi.  Ztg.,  29,  137-9  (1914). 
Study  on  the  Quantitative  Analysis  of  Antimony  Tri- 

sulfide  and  its  Ignition  Products.     Bacho.     Monatsh., 

37,  85-117  (1916). 
Investigation    of    the    Antimony    Spot.      Its    Behavior 

Towards  Hypochlorite.     Vauvel  and  Knocke.     Chem. 

Ztg.,  40,  209-10. 
Determination    of    the    Antimony    Content    of    Textile 

Fibers.      Von   Fellenberg.      Mitt.    Lebensm.    Hyg..   7, 

288-95. 
The  Practice  of  Antimony  Smelting  in  China.     Wang. 

Bull.     Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  1918,  927-45. 
Note    on    the    Treatment    of    Antimony    Minerals    in 

Sardinia.      Rolfo.      Ind.    chim.    min.    met.    5,   98-101 
^  (1918). 
Separation  of  Antimony  and  Tin  in  Hydrochloric  Acid 

Solution.     Prim.  Chem.  Ztg.,  41,  414-5. 
Production  of  Electrolytic  Antimony  from  Impure  Ores. 

Burr.     Eng.  Mining  J.,   104,  789-90   (1917);   Chem. 

Abs.,  118  (1918). 


22  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

CHAPTER  II. 

TIN. 
( Stannum. ) 

The  metal  has  been  known  from  the  most  'remote 
antiquity.  The  county  of  Cornwall,  has  yielded  tin  for 
at  least  3,000  years  and  the  mines  of  Cornwall,  have 
been  worked  for  the  oxide  of  tin  since  the  time  of  the 
Phoenicians  and  Greeks. 

The  alchemistic  name  for .  this  metal  was  Jove,  and 
was  indicated  by  the  sign  of  Jupiter. 
Properties,  Etc.: 

Chemical  symbol,  Sn ;  atomic  weight,  118.7;  quad- 
rivalent; sp.  gr.,  7.28  (pure);  hammered,  7.29;  cast, 
7.29;  rolled,  7.30;  electrolytic,  7.25;  rhombic,  6.55; 
molten,  6.98  (232°C.)1;  melting  point,  232.7°C.2;  volati- 
lizes preceptible  at  1200°C.  Boiling  point,  1550°C.5 
(approximate).  Specific  heat  at  about  melting  point, 
.0594;  latent  heat  of  fusion,  13.7  Cal,5  (calculated)  ;  heat 
conductivity  (^f<7=100)  14.5;  increase  in  volume  on 
melting  2.8%6;  electrical  conductivity  (Ag=lQQ)  13.F; 
casting  temperature  500° C.8  Crystalline  structure;  color, 
silver-white  with  a  slight  bluish  tinge;  brilliant  lustre, 
not  easily  tarnished;  soft,  very  malleable  and  laminable, 

^Pascal  and  Joumiaux.  *Hofman.  ''Matthiessen. 

'Person.  ^Richards.  *Hofman. 

3Carnelly.  'Toeplar. 


TIN  PROPERTIES  23 

but  not  very  ductile  and  with  feeble  tencity.  Rolled  to 
sheets  not  over  1/5000  of  an  inch  thick;  most  malleable 
at  100°  C;  most  brittle  at  200°  C;  when  rubbed  gives  a 
peculiar  odor  similar  to  that  of  SnCl2  solutions.  The 
temperature  of  the  metal  when  cast,  determines  entirely 
its  lustre,  and  degree  of  cohesion  when  cold ;  rarely  used 
in  the  pure  state  for  casting  as  it  does  not  fill  the  molds 
entirely.  If  the  metal  is  poured  too  hot  (exhibiting 
rainbow  colors  on  the  surface),  the  metal  will  be  brittle, 
if  again  heated  to  100°-140°C.  If  the  temperature  is 
too  low  when  poured,  the  metal  will  be  after  cooling, 
dull  and  brittle.  To  obtain  the  best  results  as  to  metallic 
lustre  and  at  the  same  time  the  greatest  cohesive  strength, 
the  metal  must  be  cast  when  the  surface  of  the  molten 
metal  presents  a  high  degree  of  lustre.  Tin-ash  is  a 
mixture  of  SnO  and  finely  divided  Sn,  formed  by  allow- 
ing the  fused  metal  to  stand  in  contact  with  air,  and  if 
the  heating  is  continued,  the  greyish  coating  is  converted 
to  yellowish-white  SnO2,  known  as  putty  powder ;  resists 
the  action  of  organic  acids  to  a  remarkable  degree ;  next 
to  Pb,  it  is  the  softest  metal;  a  bar  of  tin  when  bent 
gives  a  peculiar  creaking  sound  (cry  of  tin),  caused  by 
the  grinding  action  of  the  crystals  over  each  other.1 
Alloys  of  Sn  90%  and  Pb  10%  preserve  the  crackling 
sound,  but  in  a  less  degree  to  that  of  pure  tin,  and  the 
sound  is  destroyed  by  the  addition  of  \%  of  Zn.  Tin 
pest,  a  breaking  down  of  the  structure  of  the  metal,  to 
a  grey  friable  powder  by  extreme  cold.  The  action  is 
said  to  begin  at  18° C.,  and  is  most  rapid  at  — 48° C. 
Some  writers  state  that  the  tin  pest  is  a  disease  of  tin, 
as  normal  tin  is  affected  when  placed  in  contact  with 
the  grey  powder,  (the  author  has  exposed  granulated 
and  bar  tin  at  a  temperature  of  18°  C.,  to  —  41  °C,  the 
1Or  the  breaking  up  of  crystals  along  cleavage  planes. 


24  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

entire  winter,  with  no  perceptible  change  in  the  structure. 
No  doubt,  the  structure  of  the  metal  becomes  very  brittle 
by  extreme  cold  (which  acts  upon  the  metal  like  extreme 
heat),  and  when  the  pigs  of  tin  are  piled,  the  weight 
of  the  pigs  above,  may  crush  the  lower  tier  to  irregular 
fragments  and  also  to  a  powder.).  The  affinity  of  the 
oxides  Sn  and  Pb  for  each  other,  is  shown  by  heating 
to  a  red  heat,  an  alloy  of  1  part  of  Sn-}-4  parts  of  Pb. 
Combustion  begins  similar  to  that  of  burning  peat  or 
charcoal,  and  is  continued  for  some  time  after  the  heat 
is  removed  by  using  a  gentle  blast.  At  ordinary  tem- 
perature, the  polished  surface  of  tin-plate  is  but  little 
affected  by  the  air  or  moisture,  but  the  bright  surface 
of  commercial  metal  soon  tarnishes  under  the  same  con- 
ditions. Commercial  metal  often  contains  small  portions 
of  Fe,  Pb,  Cu,  Sb,  As,  Bi,  IV,  and  in  some  cases,  Mn 
and  Zn.  The  alloys  of  tin  are  very  valuable.  Britannia 
metal,  speculum-metal,  gun-metal,  bell-metal,  pewter, 
hard  and  soft  solder,  engineering  alloys,  composition  and 
anti-friction  alloys,  fusible  alloys,  bronze,  phosphor- 
bronze,  and  tin  amalgam.  Tin-plate  is  thin  sheet  iron 
coated  with  tin.  Tin-foil  is  made  from  the  pure  metal 
or  alloyed  with  Pb,  and  is  extensively  used  as  a  covering 
or  packing  for  perishable  and  deliquescent  material.  The 
crystalline  appearance  given  to  sheet  tin  (Moire  Metal- 
lique),  is  obtained  by  rinsing  the  clean  tin  plates  in 
dilute  HNO3  or  HCI+HNOZ  and  then  with  water.  The 
plates  are  now  dipped  for  a  few  moments  in  aqua  regia, 
diluted  with  3  volumes  of  water  and  heated  to  about 
180°  F.  The  plates  are  now  removed,  washed  thoroughly 
with  water,  dried,  and  finally  oiled  or  lacquered.  The 
pure  metal  is  used  largely  for  block  tin  worms  for  dis- 
tilling apparatus,  block  tin  pipes  for  gas  and  water, 
working  parts  of  certain  dry  and  wet  gas  meters,  tin 


TIX  PROPERTIES  25 

plated  ware  for  household  and  pharmaceutical  use  and 
the  tinning  of  lead,  copper  and  other  metals.  The  metal 
has  the  remarkable  property  of  imparting  hardness  to 
certain  alloys, -which  was  known  to  the  alchemists,  who 
applied  the  term  of  diaboliis  metallorum  to  some  of  its 
brittle  alloys.  Tin  conbines  with  lead  in  all  proportions 
and  strongest  alloy  of  the  two  metals,  is  said  to  be  3 
parts  of  Src-f-1  part  of  Pb.  sp.  gr.  8.  Sn  and  Cu  do 
not  unite  readily  with  each  other,  and  the  resulting  brittle 
alloys,  is  less  brittle  and  more  malleable,  if  heated  and 
then  plunged  in  cold  water.  Tin  and  zinc,  when  fused, 
unite  readily  to  form  alloys.  As  the  Z)\  predominates, 
the  metal  must  be  cooled  quickly,  otherwise  the  metals 
may  separate  at  the  bottom  of  the  molds.  The  addition 
of  Pb  to  the  above  alloys,  increases  the  body  of  the  alloy. 
Sn  and  Sb  form  white  brittle  alloys,  the  brittleness 
increases  as  the  percentage  of  Sb  becomes  greater  and 
the  alloys  must  solidify  quickly  to  prevent  segregation. 
According  to  Chaudet,  10  parts  of  Sn  to  1  part  of  Sb, 
form  a  perfectly  ductile  alloy.  The  elasticity,  hardness 
and  toughness  of  ordinary  bronze,  is  greatly  increased 
by  the  addition  of  .25  to  2.5%  of  P,  the  alloy  is  now 
known  as  phosphor-bronze.  SnCl2-\-2  H2O  is  a  powerful 
deoxidizing  reagent,  as  it  reduces  the  salts  of  Hg,  Ag, 
Pt,  etc..  to  the  metallic  state  and  the  solutions  of  other 
metals  from  the  ic  to  the  ons  condition.  Pure  stannous 
chloride  (SnCl2-\-2  H2O),  is  used  as  a  mordant  by  dyers 
and  calico  printers,  also  for  preparation  of  fuchsine. 
Stannic  chloride  (SnCl4-\-5  H20)  and  stannate  of  sodium 
(NasSnO3),  are  valuable  salts  of  the  dyer.  Phosphor-tin 
is  a  valuable  alloy.  When  the  borings  (5%  P)  are 
treated  with  acid,  there  is  an  evolution  of  HZP  which 
ignites  in  contact  with  the  air.  The  protoxide  (SnO) 
acts  as  a  base,  and  the  peroxide  (SnO2)  as  a  basic  and 


26  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

an  acid  forming  oxide.  The  prepared  peroxide  is  used 
for  polishing  glass  and  stone  and  is  known  as  putty 
powder.  After  ignition,  pure  Sn02  is  an  amorphous 
white  or  straw  colored  powder.  SnO  is  a  grayish  black 
color  usually,  and  when  pure  according  to  Roth,  a  red 
color.  The  sesquioxide,  Sn2Os  is  gray.  SnO2  forms 
two  hydrates,  both  acids:  stannic  acid,  Sn02,  H2O,  and 
metastannic  acid,  Sn5Ow,  5  H.2O.  The  commercial  metal 
consists  of  common,  refined  and  grain.  Refined  tin  is 
made  from  the  purest  ores  and  grain  tin  from  the  best 
pigs.  Tin  wire  has  but  slight  tenacity.  Arsenic  renders 
the  metal  whiter,  but  harder  and  the  presence  of  small 
amounts  of  Pb,  Cn  and  Fe  causes  it  to  become  brittle. 
When  SnCl4  is  mixed  with  one-third  of  its  weight  of 
water,  it  is  termed  butter  of  tin.  Powder  of  tin  was 
used  exclusively  as  an  anthelmintic,  and  is  now  used  as 
a  teniafuge.  The  medicinal  preparations  are  still  called 
jovial  preparations.  The  metal  is  soluble  in  HCl  with 
the  evolution  of  H\  hot  HNO3  converts  it  to  insoluble 
metastannic  acid ;  soluble  in  hot  H2SO±  and  aqua  regia. 
Native  tin  has  been  found  in  small  tablets  in  bismutite 
from  Mexico.  Commercial  tin  (99.70%  Sn)  Sp.  Gr. 
7.33.  1  cubic  foot  weighs  457.57  pounds.  Shrinkage  of 
castings  per  foot  1/12  or  .0833  of  an  inch.  Wire  made 
from  iron,  7/100  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  will  sustain 
444  pounds,  and  tin  wire  if  the  same  size,  32  pounds. 
"Strain  disease,"  caused  not  only  by  a  rise  in  temperature 
but  also  by  contact  of  one  article  with  another  already 
affected.  Affection  taking  place  at  a  temperature  as 
high  as  37°  C.  "Museum  disease,"  coins,  medals,  organ 
pipes  and  utensils  made  from  tin,  become  covered  with 
wart-like  spots  of  a  grayish  color,  changing  to  a  grayish 
dust.  Cavities  are  left,  which  become  enlarged  and 
increase  in  size.  Said  to  be  a  change  from  white  to 


TIN  PROPERTIES  27 

gray  tin.  Tin  that  has  been  distilled  in  vacua,  has  a 
brass-yellow  color  due  to  the  presence  of  a  little  sulphur. 
Portuguese  counterfeit  money  contained  as  the  principal 
component  90.8-98.3%  Sn  in  most  of  the  coins.  The 
size  of  the  crystal  grains  in  bar  tin,  determine  the 
intensity  of  the  "cry  of  tin."  Alloys  containing  free  Sn, 
free  Bi  and  free  Sb,  will  also  give  the  sound,  only  in  a 
lesser  degree.  Qual.  analy.  of  tin  ash  show  Sn,  SnO2, 
Sb  trace,  Cu,  Fe,  C  and  SiO2.  The  samples  are  not 
homogeneous.  As  high  at  50.6%  Pb  has  been  found  in 
tin  coatings  used  for  wrappings.  Chocolates  containing 
acid  substances  that  have  been  wrapped  in  zinc  foil,  that 
has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  tin  foil,  varied  in 
content  from  141  to  287  mg.  of  zinc  oxide  per  kg. 
Opinions  differ  as  to  the  weight  of  tin  dissolved  by 
decoctions  of  coffee.  According  to  the  Municipal  Lab. 
of  Leipzig,  two  samples  of  filtered  coffee  yielded  7.8 
and  8.8  mg.  of  tin  resp.  Strunk  was  unable  to  verify 
these  findings  in  any  particular.  The  amount  of  tin 
found  in  unvarnished  cans  of  spinach,  at  least  one  year 
old,  was  less  than  126  mg.  per  kg.  The  tin  content  was 
always  lower  in  the  varnished  cans.  Canned  spinach 
containing  18  mg.  of  tin  originally,  after  remaining  open 
six  days,  1038  mg.  of  tin  were  present.  The  amount  of 
tin  in  the  liquor  increases  with  the  length  of  time  in 
storage.  Samples  of  canned  goods  5-8  years  old  con- 
taminated with  solder,  amounts  of  tin  has  been  found 
from  traces  to  3000  mg.  per  kg.  Preserved  asparagus 
which  is  said  to  have  caused  poisoning,  contained  .29 
gram  of  tin  per  kg.,  bound  in  the  vegetable.  Staphy- 
lococcus  infections  have  been  treated  with  a  mixture  of 
Sn  and  SnO,  and  a  5  to  10  per  1000  solution  of  SnCl2 
in  water  or  glycerol  was  used  for  dressing  war  wounds ; 
it  is  said  in  some  localities  that  tin-platers  never  have 


28  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

feruncles.  Fusible  tin  boiler  plugs  are  rendered  dan- 
gerous by  the  formation  of  Sn02,  either  as  a  solid  mass 
at  the  fire  end  of  the  plug  or  throughout  the  tin  filling. 
The  presence  of  .3%  Zn  and  a  small  amount  of  Pb  is 
said  to  cause  oxidation  of  the  filling.  The  cooling  curves 
of  the  freezing  point  of  Sn  detects  the  presence  of  Pb 
or  Zn  in  the  plugs  as  low  as  .1%.  The  addition  of 
Sn  to  Cu,  lowers  the  ductility,  electrical  conductivity  and 
specific  gravity,  and  increases  the  strength  and  hardness. 
Specific  heat  at  about  15°C,  .0551 ;  at  19°-99°C.,  .0552; 
at  240°C,  .064.  Boiling  point,  visible  ebullition  2275°C.2 
volatilization  commences,  880° C.3  Hardness  (talc=l) 
2.0-3.04 ;  coefficient  of  linear  expansion  per  degree  C. 
(OMOO°),  .00002271;  tensile  strength  at  ordinary  tem- 
perature (pounds  per  square  inch)  cast,  4,600;  drawn. 
5,800;  coefficient  of  rigidity,5  2.04X1011;  Bulk  Modulus,5 
5.29X1011;  Young's  Modulus,5  5.43X1011;  specific  heat 
for  f°C,  Sm  (o  to  0  .0560+ .000044f.6 

Metallurgical  Processes: 

(1)  Blast  furnace  process,  which  is  the  oldest  known 
method  of  smelting  tin  and  is  used  for  pure  coarse  lump 
ore  and  poor  slags ;  (2)  reverberatory  furnace  process, 
for  reducing  fine  and  low  grade  ores  and  rich  slags: 
(3)  electric  furnace  process  is  usually  used  for  roasted 
ores;  (4)  electrolytic  solution  and  deposition,  used  for 
the  recovery  of  tin  from  tin  plate  waste  and  old  scrap. 
Natural  Sources: 

CASSTTERITE  (SnO2}.  Varieties,  lode  tin,  tin  stone, 
wood  tin,  float  tin  and  stream  tin.  It  is  the  commercial 
ore  of  tin;  stannite  ((CuSnFc)S  or  FeCit»SnS4}  or  tin 

^H  of  man.  'Molis. 

^Greenwood.  5Kaye  and  Laby. 

*Tiede  and  Binnbrauer.  'Bcde  and  Regnault. 


77JV  PROPERTIES .  29 

pyrites,  the  composition  of  which  is  uncertain. 
Other  Sources: 

Hard  head  dross,-  waste  products,  such  as  tin  ash, 
white  metal  turnings,  scrap  slags  and  tin  plate  waste. 
Mining  Localities: 

The  world's  supply  comes  chiefly  from  Australia, 
East  India  Islands,  Bolivia  and  Cornwall,  England. 
Very  large  deposits  of  tin  ores  are  in  the  Island  of  Banca, 
New  South  Wales,  Queensland  and  Islands  of  Bilitong. 
It  has  been  worked  in  Bohemia,  Saxony,  Peru,  Spain, 
Germany,  Hungary,  Malacca  in  Asia,  Chili  and  at 
Durango  in  Mexico.  Sparingly  in  the  United  States. 
References: 

Tin  Deposits  of  the  World.     Fawns,     (h). 

Tin.  Alining,  Dressing  and  Smelting.    Charleton.   (e). 

Tin.  A  History  of  the  Trade  in,     Flower,   (e). 

The  Production  of  Tin.     Louis,    (e). 

Tin  and  Tin  Plate.    History,  Production  and  Statistics. 
Weeks,   (e). 

The   Technic   of   Tin   Working.      German.      Janecke. 

Leipzig. 
Production  of  Tin  in  the   United  States.1 

The  tin  from  ores  of  domestic  origin  amounted  to 
140  tons  in  1916,  and  to  150  tons  in  1917.  Alaska 
produced  during  the  year  of  1917,  tin  valued  at  $160.000. 
Commercial  Metals.2 

The  standard  analysis  of  some  of  the  more  important 
brands : 

Billiton— S«,  99.96%  ;  Sb,  .006%  ;  Cu,  .023%.  Banca— 
Sn,  99.95%;  Sb,  .007%;  Pb,  trace.;  Cu,  .018%;  Fe, 
.045%;  S,  trace.  Penang— Sn,  99.94%;  Sb,  trace.;  As, 
.013%;  Pbf  trace.;  Cu,  .016%;  Fe,  .028%;  S,  .04%. 

1C7.  S.  Geol.  Survey  (communication.) 
'The  Foundry,  Jan..  1909. 


30  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Singapore— Sn,  99.87%;  Sb,  .008%;  As,  .045%;  Pb, 
.034%;  Bi,  .003%;  CM,  .052% ;  .Fe,  .003%;  5",  .005%. 
Mt.  Bischoff— Sn,  99.80%  ;  Sb,  .015%  ;  ^j,  .063%  ;  Pb, 
.037%;  JBt,  .005%;  Cu,  .035%;  Fe,  .042%;  S,  .008%. 
Chinese  No.  1—  Sn,  99.34%;  S&,  .031%;  ^,  .040%; 
Pb,  .434%  ;  5t,  .007%  ;  Cu,  .052% ;  Fe,  .10% ;  5,  .072%. 
Chinese  No.  2— SVt,  98.66%;  Sb,  .039%;  ^j,  .035%; 
•P&,  1.035%;  Bi,  .012% ;  CM,  .134%;  F*,  .014%;  S, 
.058%.  Chinese  No.  3— Sn,  95.28%;  Sb,  .381%;  ^, 
.050%  ;  Pb,  3.995%  ;  £t,  .020%  ;  CM,  .106%  ;  Fe,  .026%  ; 
5,  .116%. 

Qualitative  Analysis. 
Stannous  Chloride  (SnCl2). 

Place  .5 — 1  gram  of  SnCl2  in  a  small  beaker  and  dis- 
solve in  a  mixture  of  10  c.  c.  of  //C/+10  c.  c.  of  water.. 
Add  granulated  Zn,  which  will  precipitate  the  Sn  as  a 
spongy  mass.  Wash  the  residue  with  water  and  dissolve 
in  20  c.  c.  of  hot  HCl.  Divide  the  solution  into  4  parts 
and  treat  as  follows :  ( 1 )  Add  saturated  solution  of 
HgCl2  in  excess.  A  white  precipitate  of  Hg2Cls  indicates 
the  presence  of  Sn. 

SnCL+2  HgCl2=SnCl4+Hg2Cl2. 

If  SnCl2  is  in  excess,  the  precipitate  will  be  gray  due  to 
the  presence  of  metallic  Hg. 

2  SnCl.2+2  HgCl2=2  SnCl++2  Hg. 
(2)  Heat  to  boiling  and  add  2  or  3  c.  c.  of  AuCl^  solu- 
tion. A  purple-red  coloration  or  precipitate  of  PURPLE 
OF  CASSIUS  is  formed.1  ("probably  a  mixture  of  the 
oxides  of  tin  and  gold." — Silliman.)  ("its  constitution  is 
not  established." — Fresenius.) 

1  "Cassius  purple  evidently  is  due  to  Au  formed  by  the  reduction 
of  AuCk  by  Sn,  resulting  in  the  hydro  gel  of  stannic  acid  colored 
by  colloidal  Au."  (Gruenewald.) 


TIN  PROPERTIES  31 

(3)  Add  2  or  3  c.  c.  of  PtCl4  solution.    A  dark  crimson 
coloration  indicates  the  presence  of  Sn.     The  depth  of 
color    depending    upon    the    amount    of    stannous    salt 
present.     The  coloration  is  caused  by  the  reduction  of 
PtCl,  to  PtCl2. 

(4)  Add  1  or  2  c.  c.  of  Fe2ClQ  solution  and  same  amount 
of    KsFe(CN)6    solution.      A    dark    blue    solution    of 
FesCyi2y     similar     to     the     color     of     Prussian     blue, 
Fe7(CN)l8,  denotes  the  presence  of  Sn  (no  other  reduc- 
ing reagent  present). 

H2S  precipitates  from  neutral  and  acid  solutions,  a 
dark  brown  precipitate  of  SnS]  soluble'  in  KHO  and 
NaHO  solutions,  reprecipitated  by  acids  unaltered ;  sol- 
uble in  boiling  HCl  with  evolution  of  H2S ;  nearly  insol- 
uble in  colorless  (NH4)2S,  but  soluble  in  the  yellow 
sulphide  as  (NH^S)2SnS.  Reprecipitated  by  acids  as 
yellow  SnS2,  mixed  with  free  S ;  boiling  HNO3  converts 
it  to  insoluble  metastannic  acid1  (Sn5H 10O 15?)  .2 

KHO,  NaHO,  NH4HO  and  alkaline  carbonates  pre- 
cipitate from  stannous  solutions,  a  white  bulky  precipi- 
tate of  SnH2O2,  soluble  in  excess  of  KHO  and  NaHO. 

Stannous  salts,  when  exposed  to  the  air,  absorb 
oxygen  and  are  rapidly  changed  to  stannic  salts,  forming 
insoluble  oxychlorides  (soluble  in  water  containing  free 
HCl)  and  SnCl4. 

(NH±)2S  produces  a  precipitate  of  SnS  in  stannous 
solutions.3 
Stannic  Chloride.   (SnCl4). 

f  "The  product  of  oxidation  of  Sn  by  HNO3  is  not  insoluble  in 
acids"  Dott.  Pharm.  J.,  81,  486. 

*Fresenius. 

*Guzman,  mentions  a  new  reaction  of  the  Stannous  Ions.-\5  g. 
NH4CNS  are  dissolved  in  250  c.  c.  of  water  and  1  c.  c.  of 
(NHJJfoO*  soln.  in  cbnc.  HCl  (\  g.  in  10  c.  c.)  added.  Sn 
salts  give  at  once  a  carmine  red.  The  reagent  is  more  senstive 
than  HgCl^  .1  mg.  of  SnCl,  in  1  c.  c.  being  readily  detected. 
(Chem.  Ztg.,  35,  797.; 


32  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Place  .5 — 1  gram  of  SnCl2  in  small  beaker  and  dis- 
solve in  a  mixture  of  10  c.  c.  of  water-)- 10  c.  c.  of 
HCl+3  c.  c.  of  HNO3,  boil,  and  dilute  with  water. 
Add  excess  of  HCl  and  granulated  Zw,  which  will  pre- 
cipitate the  Sn,  Remove  the  spongy  mass,  wash  and 
redissolve  in  hot  HCl,  dilute  with  water  and  treat  as 
described  under  stannous  chloride  1-2-3-4. 

H2S  precipitates  from  hot  acid  or  neutral  solutions, 
a  white  flocculent  precipitate  ("it  has  not,  however,  as 
yet  been  analyzed."  Fresensis.)  if  stannic  solution  is  in 
excess.  If  an  excess  of  H2S  is  present,  a  yellow  pre- 
cipitate of  SnS2  is  formed ;  soluble  in  KHO,  NaHO, 
alkaline  sulphides,  boiling  HCl  and  aqua  regia;  soluble 
in  (NH4)2S  and  Na2S  as  ammonium  and  sodium  sul- 
phostannates,  reprecipitated  by  acids  as  SnS2  unaltered. 

Heat  on  charcoal  before  the  blowpipe  in  the  reducing 
flame,  a  small  fragment  of  metallic  tin  and  moisten  the 
white  coating  of  SnO2  (a  slight  yellow  tinge  when  hot, 
and  white  when  cold)  with  a  few  drops  of  C0(JV03)2 
solution  and  again  ignite,  a  bluish-green  coloration  indi- 
cates Sn. 

Place  a  small  piece  of  cassiterite  in  a  small  beaker  in 
contact  with  metallic  Zn,  cover  with  HCl  and  allow  to 
stand    a    few   minutes.      A    coating    of    metallic    tin    is 
deposited  on  the  surface  of  the  mineral. 
Quantitative  Analysis. 
Iodine  Method. 

Volumetric  Method. — P^ace  .3-.S  gram  of  the  filings 
in  500  c.  c.  flask,  add  40  c.  c.  of  HCl  and  heat  gently 
until  the  alloy  is  decomposed.  Add  now  frequently,  a 
little  KCIO3  to  dissolve  the  slight  residue.  Add  30  c.  c. 
of  water  and  boil  3  minutes.  Dilute  with  water  to  about 
90-100  c.c.  and  add  10  or  12  two-inch  iron  horse  shoe 


TLV  PROPERTIES  33 

nails1  and  cork  flask  with  perforated  rubber  cork,  holding 
a  glass  tube  with  a  minute  outlet.  Heat  the  solution  until 
brisk  action  begins  and  allow  to  simmer  on  hot  sand  bath 
for  30  minutes.  Filter  luke-warm  solution  through 
cotton  into  500  c.  c.  flask  containing  CO2  (place  2  grams 
of  HNaCO32  in  flask  and  acidulate  with  HCl)  and  wash 
flask,  filter  and  nails  with  oxygen  free  water  (500  c.  c. 
water+5  grams  HNaCO3+W  c.c.  of  HCl).  Add  5 
c.  c.  of  starch  solution  and  titrate  (below  40° C.)  with 
standard  I  solution  to  a  blue  color.  Subtract  blank  and 
calculate  Sn.z 
Ar/ 10  /  Solution. 

Place  12.7  grams  of  pure  resubl.  /  and  20  grams  of 
KI  free  from  iodate,  in  small  beaker  and  add  20  c.  c.  of 
water.  Shake  frequently  until  dissolved  and  dilute  to 
1000  c.  c.  with  water.  Mix  thoroughly  and  allow  to 
stand  over  night  before  standardizing.  Standardize 
weekly. 

SnCl«+l2+2  HCl=SnCl4+2  HI. 
2  I=Sn. 

2  7=126.92X2=253.84. 
Sn=llS.7  Xl=H8.7 
1 18.7 :  253.84=X :  12.692. 


1  c.c. 


no./  :  £oo.o-t=^\.  :  i^.o^z.  .v=o.yoo. 

1000  c.  c.  A'/IO  Iodine  V.  S.  containing  12.692        grams 

1=5.935      grams  Sn. 
oV/10  Iodine  V.  S.  containing      .012692  gram 

/=  .00593  gram    Sn  (theoretical). 
Standardize    the    /    solution    by    either    of    the    two 
following  methods: 

^Hallett  uses  a  Ni  sheet  1.5  x  4  in.  (Eng.  Min.  ].,  97,  1151-3J 

20r  marble  cubes. 

*To  prevent  the  oxidation  of  the  SnCl2  solution,  Smoot  has 
devised  a  small  apparatus.  (Eng.  Mining  J.  106,  25-6(1918)  ; 
Chem.  Abst.  Vol.  12  No.  17,  pp.  1740.) 


34  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

(a)  Place  .2-.3  gram  of  pure  Sn  in  500  c.  c.  flask  and 
treat  as  described  under  the  determination  of  tin. 

.2065  gram  Sn 

I  c.  c.  I  solution1^—  —=.005529  gram  Sn. 

37.45— .1  c.  c. 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

.005529X6.55-. 1  c.  c. 

-X 100=  11. 88%  Sn. 
.3  gram 

Mixture  calculation^  12.00%  Sn  and,  as  the  commer- 
cial metal  contained  99.70%,  the  actual  content  was 
11.96%  Sn. 

(b)  Place  .2  gram  of  pure  As203  in  250  r.  c.  beaker, 
add  15  c.  c.  of  a  10%  solution  of  NaHO,  and  shake  until 
dissolved.    Add  20  c.  c,  of  water,  a  small  piece  of  litmus 
paper  and  render  solution  slightly  acid  with  dilute  HCl. 
Cool,   add   50   c.  c.    of   a   saturated  filtered    solution   of 
HNaCO3  and  5  c.  c.  of  starch  solution.     Titrate  imme- 
diately with  standard  /  solution  to  a  blue  color. 

As0O3+4  7+4  PINaCOz— 

As2O5+4  NaI+4  CO2+2  H20. 

As203+2  7720+4  I=AssOs+4  HI. 

2  I=Sn. 

2  Sn=As2O3=4  I. 
2  Sn=llS.7  X2=237A. 
As2O3=l97.92X  1  =  197.92. 

197.92 :  237.4=.2  gram  As203 :  X.        X=.2399  gram  Sn. 
*Old  solution. 


TIN  PROPERTIES  35 

.2399  gram  Sn. 

\  c.c.I  solution1^—  =.005540  gram  Sn. 

43.4— .1  c.c. 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

.005540X6.55-. 1  c.c. 

X 100=  11.91%  Sn. 

.3  gram. 

Determination  of  Sn  in  Commercial  Metal. 
Iodine  Method. 

Volumetric  Method. — Place  .2-.3  gram  of  the  very 
fine  filings  or  borings  in  500  c.  c.  flask,  previously  filled 
with  CO2.  Add  40  c.c.  of  HCl  and  cork  flask  with 
rubber  stopper  holding  a  Kroonig  valve.  Place  on  hot 
plate  and  heat  gently  to  about  80°-90°C.  until  the  metal 
is  dissolved.  Remove  stopper,  add  50  c.  c.  of  water  and 
6  two-inch  horse  shoe  nails  that  have  been  bent  in  the 
form  of  loops  and  fastened  to  a  piece  of  fine  platinum 
wire,  the  end  of  which  projects  outside  of  the  flask. 
Place  the  stopper  in  the  flask  and  heat  until  brisk  action 
begins ;  then  allow  to  simmer  on  hot  plate  or  sand  bath 
for  30  minutes.  Cool  the  flask  and  contents  quickly 
with  ice  water,  remove  the  nails  and  wash  thoroughly 
with  oxygen  free  water.  Add  5  c.  c.  of  starch  solution 
and  titrate  to  a  blue  color  with  standard  /  solution. 
Subtract  blank  and  calculate  Sn. 

(a)  99.73%  Sn.      (b)  99.68%  Sn. 
.2  gram  .4,y2O3=r.2399  gram  Sn. 

.2399  gram  Sn. 

(1)  1  c.c.  TV/10  /  sol.2= =. 005967  grm.  Sn. 

40.30— .1  c.c. 

*Old  solution. 
2New  Solution. 


36  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

.2399  gram  Sn. 

(2)  1  c.c.  A'/10  /  sol.2=—  — =.005960  grm.  Sn. 

40.35— .1  c.c. 

.0059633X33.95-.25  c.  c.  (blank) 

(a)  -  -X  100=9973%  Sn. 

.2015  gram. 

.0059633X 34.00-. 25  c.  c.  (blank) 

(b)  -  X  100=99.68%  Sn.  . 

.2019  gram. 

Detection  of  HIOa  in  KI. 

Dissolve  1  gram  of  KI  in  20  c.  c.  of  water,  freshly 
boiled  and  cooled.  Add  5  c.  c.  cold  starch  solution  and 
3  drops  of  dilute  H2SO4  (1:3).  No  blue  coloration  in 
1  minute  indicates  less  than  .0001%  of  /2O5.  (Merck). 
Starch  Solution. 

Mix  .5  gram  of  corn  starch  with  250  c.  c.  of  cold 
water  and  heat  to  boiling.  Cool,  decant  the  clear  solu- 
tion and  preserve  for  use. 

(A)  Electrolytic  Method.— Place  .5-1  gram  of  the 
finely  divided  alloy  in  150  c.  c.  beaker,  cover  with  20 
c.  c.  of  water,  add  2.5  grams  of  H2C4H4O6  and  heat  to 
dissolve.  Add  10  c.  c.  of  HWO8(1.42),  and  heat  gently 
until  the  alloy  is  decomposed.  Dilute  to  50  c.  c.  with 
water,  add  a  concentrated  solution  of  NaHO  until  the 
first  precipitate  redissolves  and  the  solution  is  clear. 
Add  20  c.  c.  of  colorless  saturated  solution  of  Na2S 
(1.20)  and  allow  to  stand  on  hot  plate  about  thirty 
minutes.  Filter  •  into  400  c.  c.  beaker  and  wash  thor- 

*New  solution. 
9  Aver  age. 


77AT  PROPERTIES  37 

oughly  with  hot  dilute  Na2S  solution  (2%),  keeping  the 
volume  of  the  solution  down  as  much  as  possible.  Add 
to  nitrate,  dilute  H2SO4(l :  1)  until  the  solution  is  slightly 
acid,  stir  thoroughly,  allow  to  settle  if  possible  and  decant 
on  12^2  c.  m.  qualitative  filter  (use  two  separate  filters 
if  necessary).  Transfer  precipitate  to  original  beaker 
with  a  fine  jet  of  water,  return  funnel  and  filter  to  rack 
and  dissolve  the  remaining  sulphide  on  filter  with  25  c.  c. 
of  (NHt)2S  solution,  diluted  to  50  c.  c.  with  hot  water. 
Wash  the  filter  thoroughly  with  hot  water  and  evaporate 
solution  to  about  125  to  150  c.  c.  Dissolve  the 
residue  in  beaker  with  15  to  20  c.c.  of  (NH4)2S,  heat 
gently  until  the  solution  is  clear,  then  add  5  grams  of 
KCN  and  heat  on  steam  plate  until  the  solution  is  nearly 
colorless.  Dilute  to  175-200  c.  c.  with  water  and  elec- 
trolyze  with  JVZ>100=1.5-1^6  amperes  3.5-4  volts.  Time 
six  hours.  Remove  cathode  as  described  under  the 
determination  of  Sb,  wash  with  water  and  then  with 
C2HQO.  Dry  in  air  bath  for  thirty  minutes  at  a  tem- 
perature of  80°-90°C.  and  weigh  as  Sn+Sb.  Subtract 
the  weight  or  percentage  of  Sb  and  the  difference  equals 
the  weight  or  percentage  of  Sn. 
Weight  taken=.5  gram. 

1.6 

Used  4  amperes  (—=4)—  7  volts,  (four  32  and  two  16 
.40 

c.  p.  carbon  lamps  in  parallel). 

(1)   Cylinder-)- deposit— 10.4466  grams. 
=  10.0391    .  " 

.4075  gram. 


38  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

.4075  gram  Sn+Sb. 


-X  100=81.50%. 


.5  gram  alloy. 
81.50%  Sn+Sb— 9.2Q%  S6.=72.30%  Sn. 

(2)   Cylinder-f  deposit^  10.4465  grams. 
=  10.0391       " 


.4074  gram. 
.4074  gram  Sn+Sb. 

-X  100=81.48%. 
.5  gram  alloy. 

81.48%  Sn+Sb— 9.10%  ^.=72.38%  Sn.. 
or, 

.4075  gram  Sn+Sb— .0460  gram  Sb. 
(1)-  -X  100=72.30%  Sn. 

.5  gram  alloy. 

.4074  gram  Sn+Sb— .0455  gram  Sb. 

(2) -X  100=72.38%  Sn. 

.5  gram  alloy. 

Weight  of  cylinder  before   deposit=  10.0391  grams. 
Weight  of  cylinder  after    cleaning=  10.0390  grams. 

The  presence  of  KCN  will  retain  the  S  in  solution  and 
.will  keep  it  from  separating  out  on  the  anode,  in  excess, 
by   forming  KCNS  with  the  polysulphides.     (Classen). 
KCN+S=KCNS. 

At  the  end  of  the  electrolysis,  the  solution  is  colorless 
and  acid,  with  some  free  5. 
Cleaning  Cylinder.1 

*Nessler  jars  of  100  c.  c.  capacity,  can  be  used  to  contain  the 
separate  solutions  of  HCl,  HNO3  and  C2HeO. 


TIN  PROPERTIES  39 

Place  the  cathode  very  slowly  in  hot  concentrated 
HNOS  and  allow  it  to  remain  about  five  minutes. 
Remove,  wash  thoroughly  with  water  and  place  for  same 
length  of  time  in  hot  concentrated  HCl.  Wash  with 
water  and  repeat  the  acid  treatment  if  necessary. 
Finally,  wash  thoroughly  with  distilled  water,  ignite 
gently,  cool  and  weigh  and  compare  weight  with  that 
obtained  before  electrolysis. 

(B)  Electrolytic  Method. — Proceed  exactly  as  de- 
scribed in  (A)  Electrolytic  Method,  until  the  alloy  is  in 
in  solution.  Render  solution  slightly  alkaline  with  a 
concentrated  solution  of  NaHO,  still  retaining  a  clear 
solution  without  a  precipitate;  then  add  2  grams  of 
NaHO  in  excess.  Add  15  c.  c.  of  Na2S  solution  (1.15) 
and  treat  exactly  as  in  the  preceding  method  until  the 
Na2S  solution  of  Sn  and  Sb  is  obtained.  Acidulate  solu- 
tion slightly  with  HCl  and  evaporate  on  hot  plate  to 
about  60-75  c.c.  Add '  10  c.c.  of  HCl  (1.20)  and  2 
grams  of  Na2O2  in  small  portions,  stirring  meantime, 
until  the  solution  is  clear  with  the  exception  of  free  6\ 
Boil  three  minutes,  filter  into  400  c.  c.  beaker  and  wash 
filter  contents  thoroughly  with  hot  water.  Place  a  small 
piece  of  litmus  paper  in  solution  and  render  slightly 
alkaline  with  NH^HO.  Add  7  grams  of  acid  NH^HC26, 
.H2O  for  every  .3  gram  of  Sn  present,  heat  to  dissolve 
if  necessary,  and  when  the  salt  is  in  solution,  add  9 
grams  of  C2//,O4.  Warm  to  60°-65°C,  and  electrolyze 
with  a  current  of  ATZ)100=1-1.5  ampere.  Time  4-4^2 
hours.  Wash  the  cathode  with  water  without  interrupt- 
ing the  current  and  immerse  in  C0//6O.  Dry  thirty 
minutes  at  80°-90°C.  Cool  and  weigh. 

\Veight  taken=.5  gram. 


40  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

(3)   CyHnder+deposit=  10.4028  grams. 
=  10.0407       " 


.3621  gram   of   Sn. 

.3621  gram  Sn. 

(3)-  -X100=72.427C  Sn. 

.5  gram  alloy. 

Results  from  Xo.  1-2  and  3  are  from  the  same  sample 
of  alloy. 
Cathode. 

A  cylinder  of  platinum  wire  gauze.    2  inches  high  and 
1   inch  in  diameter.     Diameter  of   wire  .004   inch.     44 
mesh.     Area  6.3  inches. 
Anode. 

A  platinum  foil  1^4  inches  X 1/4  inches,  fastened  to  a 
piece  of  thick  platinum  wire. 
Caution. 

When   using  4-5   amperes   of   current,   do   not   allow 
the  anode  to  come  in  contact  with  the  platinum  gauze 
of  the   cylinder,   otherwise  the   gauze   will   fuse   at  the 
point  of  contact. 
Acid  Ar//4//C2O4.//2O.   (Ammonium  Binoxalate). 

Dissolve  124  grams  of  (NH4)2C2O4.H0O  in  hot  water, 
add  126  grams  of  //2C2O4.2/f2O,~stir  thoroughly  until 
dissolved  and  evaporate  to  dryness.  Place  in  bottle  and 
cork  tightly. 

The    following    articles    will    be    of    interest    to    the 
chemist : 
The  Titration  of   Stannous  Salts  with  Iodine.'    Young. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1897. 
On  the   Estimation  of   Tin.      Pattinson   and   Pattinson. 

J.  Soc.  Chem.  Indust,  March,   1898. 


TIX  PROPERTIES  41 

Rapid  Method  for  the  Determination  of  Tin  in  Copper- 
Tin  Alloys.  Levy.  Chem.  Eng.,  Jan.,  1906. 

A  New  Form  of  Tin  Disease.  Hasslinger.  Monatsh, 
29,  787-90.  (Aug.). 

The  Determination  of  Tin  in  Tin  Plate.  Meyer.  Z. 
angew.  Chem.,  22,  68. 

The  Assay  of  Tin  Ores.  Gray.  J.  Chem.  Met.  S. 
Africa,  10,  312-5.  402-3.  11,  10. 

Separation  of  Antimony  and  Tin  by  Distillation.  Plato. 
Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  68,  26-47. 

New  Method  for  the  Determination  of  Tin  in  the 
Presence  of  Antimony.  Sanchez.  Bull.  soc.  chim.,  7, 
890-4. 

Method  for  the  Determination  of  Tin  in  Canned  Foods. 
Schreiber  and  Taber.  Bur.  of  Chem.,  Circ.,  67. 

Determination  of  Tin  and  Antimony  in  Soft  Solder. 
Goodwin.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  3,  34. 

Analysis  of  Tin  Ores.  Bayerlein-Essen.  Z.  angew. 
Chem.,  23,  969. 

Occurrence  and  Estimation  of  Tin  in  Food  Products. 
Smith  and  Bartlett.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Bur.  Chem., 
Bull.,  137,  157. 

Examination  of  Tin  in  an  Ore.  Morgan.  Chem.  Eng., 
14,  289-91. 

Tin  and  Its  Methods  of  Assay.  Zarath.  Mexico.  Mem. 
rev.  soc.  cien.  "Antonio  Alzate,"  28,  193-7. 

Assay  of  Tin.  Lewis.  London  Min.  J.,  1911,  606. 
J.  Chem.  Met.  S.  Africa,  12,  32-3. 

Some  Analysis  of  Different  Grades  of  Commercial  Pig 
Tin.  Anon.  Brass  World,  7,  396.  22  complete  analy- 
sis of  com.  pig  tin  shows  Sn  content  of  95.28% — 
99.96%. 


42  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Proposed  Method  for  the  Estimation  of  Tin  in  Canned 

Goods.    Lowrie.    Orig.  Com.  8th  Intern.  Congr.  Appl. 

Chem.,  18,  247. 
Special  Adaptation  of  Iodine  Titration  Method  for  the 

Estimation    of   Tin.      Especially   in    Connection    with 

Determination  of   "Salts  of   Tin"   in   Canned   Foods. 

Baker.     Orig.  Com.  8th  Intern.  Congr.  Appl.  Chem., 

18,  35. 
New  Volumetric   Method   for  Tin.     Patrick  and   Wils- 

nack.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  4,  597-9. 
The'  Solution   and   Oxidation  of   Tin   in   Dilute    Nitric 

Acid.    (A  contribution  to  the  analysis  of  commercial 

tin.)    Bunge.     Pharm.  Zentralhalle,  54,  845-6. 
Volumetric     Determination     of     Tin.       Hallett.       Eng. 

Mining  J.,  97,  1151-3. 
The   Assay  of   Tin  Ores.     Hutchin.     Inst.   Min.   Met., 

Feb.,  1914. 
Notes  on  the  Direct  Volumetric  Determination  of  Tin. 

Rawlins.     Chem.  News,  107,  53-5. 
The  Determination  of  Tin  in   Bronzes.     Ibbotson  and 

Aitchison.    Chem.  News,  107,  109-10. 
The  Volumetric  Determination  of  Tin  with  Potassium 

Bromate   by   the    Method   of   H.    Zschokke.      Fichter 

and  Muller.     Chem.  Ztg.,  37,  309. 
Analysis  of  Tin  and  Tin-Lead  Dross.     Bertiaux.     Ann. 

chim.  anal.,  18,  217-9. 
Some  Physical  Properties  of  Tin.     Garland.     Cairo  Sci. 

J.,  8,  27-41. 
Assay    of   Tin    Ore.      Caspell    and    Beringer.      London 

Mining  J,  1913,  149. 
Analysis    of    Copper-Tin    Alloys.      Gemmell.      J.    Soc. 

Chem.  Ind.,  32,  581-4. 
The   Volumetric    Determination    of    Tin   by    Potassium 

lodate.     Jamieson.     J.  Ind.   Chem.,  8,  500-2   (1916). 


77.V  PROPERTIES  43 

The  Detinning  and  Analysis  of  Tin  Plate.     Heise  and 

Clemente.     Philippine  J.  Sci.,   11  A,   191-9   (1916). 
Tin  Ash.    Kolthoff  and  van  Lohuizen.    Utrecht.    Pharm. 

Weekblad,  54,  718-20  (1917). 
Phosphor-Tin  and  a  Volumetric  Method  for  its  Analysis. 

Lee-Fegely-Reichel.      J.    Ind.    Eng.    Chem.,   9,    663-8 

(1917). 
The  Analysis  of  Tin  Ores.     Golick.     Eng.   Mining  J., 

102,  827  (1917). 
A  Handy  Method  for  Assaying  Tin  Ores.     Henderson. 

Eng.  Min.  J.,  103,  267  (1917). 
Separation  of  Antimony  and  Tin  in  Hydrochloric  Acid 

Solution.     Prim.  Chem.  Ztg.,  41,  414-5  (1917). 
The  Wet  Assay  of  Tin  Concentrates.     Hutchin.     Insti- 
tution Min.  and  Metal,  Bull.,  No.  149,  1-27  (1917). 
The  Volumetric  Determination  of  Tin.     Hallet.    J.  Soc. 

Chem.  Ind.,  35,  1087-9  (1916). 
A  New  Infective  "Disease"  of  Tin.     "Strain  Disease." 

Cohen.     Chem.  Weekblad.,  6,  625-40. 
Physical   Chemical   Studies   of   Tin.      Cohen.     VII.,   Z. 

physik.  Chem.,  63,  625-34  (Aug.  21),  also  Chem.  Ztg., 

32,  1041  (Oct.  24). 

Notes  on  Tin.     Dott.  Pharm.  J.,  81,  486. 
Tin   and  Tin   Pest.      Berger.     Schweiz   Wochschr.,   48, 

117-22. 
The     Electrolytic     Determination     of     Tin    in    Alloys. 

Schurmann    and    Arnold.      Mitt.    kgl.    Materialpruf- 

ungsamt,  Gross  Lichterfelde  West,  27,  470-3. 
The    Separation    of    Platinum    and   Tin.      Wohler    and 

Spengel.     Z.  anal.  Chem.,  50,  165-171. 
A  Modification  of  the  "Gay-Lussac"  Method  for  Silver 

Bullion    Containing    Tin.      Salas.      Bull.    Am.    Inst. 

Mining  Eng.,  63,  267-78. 


44  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Determination  of   Tin  in  Tinned   Iron.     Crispo.     Bull. 

etudiants  inst.  Meurice,   I,   150-2;  through  Bull.   soc. 

chim.  belg.,  26,  466. 
Determination   of    Tin    (Report    on    Meat   and    Fish). 

Hoagland.    Proc.  A.  O.  A.  C,  1911 ;  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 

Bur.  Chem.,  Bull.  152,  213. 
Note  on  Determination  of  Tin  in  Foods.     Hansen  and 

Johnson.     Proc.  A.  O.  A.  C,  1911:  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 

Bur.  Chem.,  Bull.  152,  117-8. 

The  Determination  of  Tin  in  Ores.     Milou  and  Fouret. 

Discussions  8th.     Inter.  Cong.  Appl.   Chem.,  27,   23 ; 

cf.  C.  A.,  6,  3250. 
Confirmatory    Tests    for    Tin.      Curtman    and    Mosher. 

J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  35,  357-65. 
Separation  of  Antimony  and  Tin.     Huybrechts.     Bull. 

soc.  chim.  belg.,  27,  66. 
Method    of    Estimating    Tin    in    its    Ores,    Alloys    and 

Compounds.      Banerjee   and   Banerjee.      Proc.   Chem. 

Soc.,  28,  102. 
The    Electrolytic    Separation    of    Tin    from    Tungsten. 

Threadwell.    Z.  Elecktrochem.,  19,  381-4. 
Electrolytic   Estimation   of    the   Tin   in    Metal    Foil    of 

Lead,  Tin  and  Antimony  Externally  Tinned.     Belasio. 

Ann.  lab.   Gabelle,  6,  231-7;  J.  Chem.  Soc.,   101,  II, 

1099;  cf.  C.  A.,  7,  745. 
The  Assay  of  Tin  Ores  and  Concentrates.    The  Pearce- 

Low   Method.     Wraight   and   Teed.      Inst.    Min.   and 

Met.,  Feb.,  1914;  through  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  33,  262. 
Method  of   Sampling  and  Analysis  of  Tin,  Terne  and 

Lead-Coated     Sheets.      Aupperle.       Metal    Ind.,     12, 

327-8. 
Note  on  the   Separation   of  Tin  and   Copper  in   Brass 

Analysis.     Liebschultz.     Chem.  Analyst.,  9,  14. 


77 A'  PROPERTIES  45 

Quick  Method  to  Precipitate  Tin  Electrolytically.    Hum- 

phreville.     Eng.  Mining  J.,  98,  964  (1914). 
Electrolytic  Separation  of  Palladium  and  Tin.     Gutbier- 

Fellner-Emslander.    Z.  anal.  Chem.  54,  208-13  (1915). 
The   Separation   of    Palladium   and    Tin   by    Means    of 

Dimethylglyoxime.     Gutbier-Fellner.     Z.  anal.  Chem. 

54,  205-8  (1915). 
Notes  on  the  Chemical  Assay  of  Tin  Ores.     Matheson. 

Proc.  Australasian  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  1916.     Xo.  21, 

Determination  of  Tin  in  Tin  Ashes.     Wehvart.     Chem. 

Ztg.,  40,  458-9  (1916). 
Tin  Ash.     Kolthoff  and  van  Lohuizen.     Pharm.  Week- 

blad,  54,  718-20  (1917). 
Physical  Chemical  Studies  of  Tin.     VIII.     Cohen.     Z. 

physik  Chem.,  68,  214-31 ;  C.  A.,  3,  2780. 
The  Determination  of  Tin  in  White  Metal  by  Electroly- 
sis.    Schiirman.     Chem.  Ztg.,  34,  1117-8. 
Tin  Mining  near  El  Paso.     Koch.     Eng.  Min.  J.,  91.  168. 
The  Origin,  Manufacture  and  Beauty  of  Tin.     Scott. 

Metal  Ind.,  10,  7-8. 
The     Presence     of     Tin     in     Certain     Canned     Goods. 

Buchanan-Schryver.     British  Food  J.,   11,   101. 
Determination   of    Pin    Holes    in    Tin    Plate.      Walker. 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  1,  295-7. 
Electrolytic   Determination   of    Tin   on   Tinned    Copper 

Wire.     Grower.     Proc.  Am.  soc.     Testing  Materials, 

17,  II,  129-55  (1917). 
Estimation   of   Tin   in   Low   Grade   Stuff.      Adair.      S. 

Afrian  Mining  J.;  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.  9,  1143  (1917). 
Electroanalysis    of    Tin    Without    Platinum    Electrodes. 

Batuecas.     Madrid.     Anales  soc.  espah.  fis.  quim.  14, 

495-511   (1916). 


46  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The    Sampling   and    Assay   of    Chinese   Tin.      Browne. 

Chem.  News,  117,  1-2  (1918). 
Determination   of  Tin  in   Concentrates.     Smoot.     Eng. 

Mining  J.,  106,  25-6   (1918);  Chem.  Abst,  Vol.   12, 

No.  17,  pp.  1740. 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  47 

CHAPTER  III. 

LEAD. 
( Plumbum. ) 

Mentioned  in  Ex.  XV,  10.  It  was  found  in  the 
Sinaitic  rocks  before  the  time  of  Moses,  and  was  known 
to  the  Israelites  and  the  Hebrews.  It  was  anciently 
used  to  purify  silver.  Observed  by  Homer.  Pliny  gave 
the  name  of  plumbum  nigrum  to  lead  and  plumbum 
canidum  to  that  of  tin.  The  alchemists  in  their  writings, 
designated  the  metal  by  the  sign  of  Saturn. 

Properties,  etc.  Chemical  symbol,  Pb;  atomic  weight 
207.20;  tetravalent;  Sp.  Gr.  11.371;  molten  10.88 
(327°C.)2;  melting  point  326.2°C.3.  Fuses  at  325.°C. 
Volatilizes  at  a  strong  white  heat,  air  excluded.  Boils 
at  1525°C. ;  specific  heat  at  about  melting  point  .034*; 
latent  heat  of  fusion  4.00  Cal.5;  heat  conductivity 
(Ag=lQQ)  8.56;  increase  in  volume  at  about  melting 
point  3.7%7;  electrical  conductivity  (^#—100)  8.31 ; 
casting  temperature  500°  C.4;  color  bluish-gray,  generally 
known  as  lead  gray ;  strong  metallic  lustre  when  freshly 
cut,  but  when  exposed  to  the  air  the  surface  is  soon 

lMatthiessen.  3 Richards. 

^Pascal  and  Joumiaux.  *Scien.  Amer. 

^Person.  'Toeplar. 
'Hofman. 


48  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

oxidized  to  the  oxide  or  carbonate,  which  protects  it 
from  further  corrosion.  Structure  granular,  as  shown 
by  certain  etched  surfaces,  also  crystals  obtained  of 
regular  octahedrons.  Combinations  of  cubes  and  octa- 
hedra  crystals  have  been  formed  in  the  working  of 
certain  metallurgical  processes.  Crystalline  plates  of  Pb 
are  formed  by  the  voltaic  action  of  metallic  Zn  on  Pb 
solutions ;  tough,  ductile,  very  soft  and  malleable,  but 
tenacity  the  lowest  of  any  common  metal ;  contracts  on 
solidifying,  forming  a  convex  surface ;  the  surface  of 
the  molten  metal  absorbs  oxygen  rapidly  from  the  air, 
forming  PbO  or  PbO2,  according  to  the  degree  of  heat 
used.  The  action  of  distilled  or  rain  water  on  lead  is 
similar  to  that  of  an  acid.  The  2  PbCOs+Pb(HO)2 
which  is  formed  generally  under  these  conditions,  acts 
as  an  energetic  poison,  readily  seen  in  numerous  cases 
of  drinking  water  or  beer  that  has  remained  over  night 
in  lead  pipes.  The  presence  of  a  small  amount  of 
CaCO3  or  CaSO±  in  the  water,  forms  in  time  a  deposit 
which  prevents  further  action.  When  water  pipes  of 
Pb  are  used,  the  action  of  the  particular  water  in  ques- 
tion upon  the  metal  is  always  tested  by  experiment. 
The  metal  becomes  hard  and  brittle  by  repeated  melting, 
due  to  the  absorption  of  the  oxides;  rolled  to  thin  foil 
but  cannot  be  drawn  to  fine  wire;  hardness  increased 
by  the  presence  of  Ag,  Bi,  As,  Zn  and  Sb.  In  the 
analysis  of  Pb  by  electrolysis,  a  red  deposit  which 
resembles  Cu  is  formed  on  the  anode,  which  gradually 
disappears  as  the  Pb  is  deposited  on  the  cathode.  White 
lead  (2  PbCO9+Pb(HO)2)  made  from  PbS04  or 
PbCl.2  or  by  the  Dutch,  Holland,  German,  English  or 
French  methods,  is  largely  used  as  a  pigment,  but  is 
generally  mixed  with  BaSO^  CaSO^  BaCO^  chalk  or 
pipe-clay.  Basic  chloride  of  lead  (PbCL+Pb(HO)2) 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  .     49 

has  been  used  as  a  substitute  for  carbonate  of  lead. 
Cassels  and  Turners  yellow,  chrome-yellow  (PbCrO4), 
orange  mineral  (Pb3O±),  chrome-red  (2  PbO.CrO3), 
Madder  reds,  vermillionettes  and  Brunswick  greens  are 
all  valuable  pigments  of  Pb.  Certain  mixtures  of  heavy- 
spar  and  white  lead  are  known  as  Venetian  white,  1  part 
of  barium  sulphate  to  1  part  of  lead  carbonate.  Dutch 
white,  3  parts  of  sulphate  to  1  part  of  carbonate. 
Hamburgh  white,  2  parts  of  sulphate  to  1  part  of 
carbonate.  Average  samples  of  white  lead  loses  14% 
of  its  weight  on  ignition.  Painters  colic,  a  chronic  dis- 
ease caused  by  the  skin  absorption  of  Pb  compounds. 
The  symptoms  of  the  disease  generally  show  in  the 
following  order:  constipation,  loss  of  appetite,  weak- 
ness, extreme  thirst,  stomach  pains,  lead  palsy,  epilepsy,  ' 
and  finally  total  paralysis.  Well  defined  cases  of  lead 
poisoning,  are  shown  by  the  appearance  of  a  blue  line 
at  the  edge  of  the  gums,  showing  a  deposit  of  PbS. 
In  many  cases,  the  disease  can  be  avoided  by  cleanliness. 
Plumbers,  who  constantly  handle  metallic  lead  seem  to 
be  exempt  from  the  disease.  Lead  forms  a  suboxide, 
Pb2O  (black),  a  monoxide,  PbO  (yellow),  a  sesquioxide, 
Pb2O3  or  PbO+PbO2  (reddish-yellow),  a  dioxide  or 
peroxide,  PbO2  (brown),  and  a  compound  of  Pb2O3  and 
PbO2  of  varying  composition,  but  is  usually  P&3O4  (red). 
According  to  Dulong,  PbC2O4  is  decomposed  at  a  heat 
below  300°C,  (oxygen  excluded)  as  follows: 

2  PbC2Ot=Pb20+CO+3  C02. 

The  monoxide  or  protoxide,  called  in  commerce 
litharge,  is  the  resulting  oxide  produced  by  heating  Pb 
to  that  degree  that  it  burns  with  a  white  light.  On  a 
large  scale  it  is  manufactured  by  heating  metallic  Pb 
until  it  forms  lead  ash,  a  mixture  of  Pb  and  PbO. 
Upon  further  heating,  it  is  wholly  converted  to  the 


50  .  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

yellow  protoxide.  It  is  largely  used  in  the  manufacture 
of  glass,  fluxing  and  the  glazing  of  earthenware,  as  it 
dissolves  SiO2  with  rapidity;  the  preparation  of  varnish, 
boiled  linseed  and  other  drying  oils  ;  preparing  white 
lead,  red  lead,  miniums,  putty,  lead  plasters,  also  for 
the  preparation  of  chlorides,  nitrates,  acetates  and  other 
definite  salts  of  lead.  PbO  is  soluble  in  HC2HaO*,  dilute 
HCl  and  HNO3,  soluble  in  KHO,  NaHO  and  solutions 
of  sugar,  almost  insoluble  in  water  (  1  :  12,000)  .  Some 
of  the  salts  of  Pb  have  a  sweetish  taste,  noticed  in  the 
acetate  or  sugar  of  lead.  Certain  hair  dyes  contain 
acetate  of  lead  and  an  excess  of  free  sulphur.  Litharge 
is  very  much  used  in  pharmacy  and  is  never  used 
mternally.  Mixed  with  olive  oil  it  forms  lead  plasters, 
used  for  abating  inflammation,  and  for  other  purposes. 

Lead  Di-Per-Superoxide,  or  dark-brown  PbO2  is 
formed  when  PbzO±  is  treated  with  cold  dilute  HNO3. 
Pb304+4  HN03=PbO2+2  Pb(NO3)2+2  H20. 

This  mixture  of  PbO2  and  Pb(NOs)2,  is  termed  red- 
lead  or  oxidized  minium  by  match  manufacturers.  Com- 
bined with  phosphorus  it  is  largely  used  as  a  mixture 
for  lucifer  matches.  Miniums  are  intermediate  oxides 
of  Pb  of  variable  composition,  according  to  the  tempera- 
ture and  care  in  manufacture.  Red  lead  or  Pb3O4,  is  a 
mixture  of  PbO  and  PbO2  and  is  formed  by  roasting 
PbO  or  PbCO3  with  frequent  stirring,  for  a  certain  time 
and  at  a  constant  temperature  of  about  700°  F. 

PbCO3=PbO+CO2. 
3 


It  is  the  base  of  many  red  pigments  and  is  used  for 
the  manufacture  of  flint  glass,  cements  and  many  other 
purposes  similar  to  that  of  PbO.  Lead  alloys  readily 
with  Sb,  Bi  and  Sn,  but  said  to  absorb  not  more  than 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  51 

1.5%  Zn,  .07%  Fe  and  about  the  same  amount  of  CM. 
Used  largely  in  the  manufacture  of  the  following  valu- 
able alloys:  White  metal,  .0-81%;  antifriction  alloys, 
.0-88%  ;  plumbers'  and  tinners'  solder,  50%  ;  type-metal, 
4  .-90% ;  organ  pipes,  usually  96% ;  Chinese  tea-chest 
lead,  87% ;  ship's  nails,  33% ;  expanding  alloy,  75% ; 
soft  solder  for  pillow  blocks,  85% ;  Hoyle's  alloy,  42%  : 
Wood's  metal,  25%  ;  Rose's  alloy,  50% ;  Onion's  alloy, 
30%;  Newton's  alloy,  31%;  tinol  (solder),  80%; 
Magnolia  metal,  80%  ;  Lipowitz's  metal,  26% ;  Ajax 
plastic  bronze,  30%  ;  shot  metal,  97% ;  Darcet's  metal, 
25%;  Camelia  metal,  15%;  Chinese  bronze,  15%; 
Lichtenberg's  metal,  30%  ;  Makenzie's  alloy,  68% ;  Phos- 
phorus bronze,  10%  ;  Guthrie's  metal,  19%.  Lead  pipes 
that  are  placed  in  the  earth  should  be  coated  with 
asphaltum  to  prevent  corrosion.  In  one  case,  lead  pipe 
that  had  been  in  the  earth  twenty-four  years,  partly 
embedded  in  a  cement  foundation,  showed  the  trans- 
formed mass  made  of  twenty-three  concentric  alternating 
rings  of  yellow  PbO  and  twenty-four  of  red  Pb3O^ 
The  PbO  being  formed  during  the  winter  and  Pb3O4 
during  the  summer.  Lead  covered  cables  on  wooden 
supports  have  been  corroded  due  to  the  moisture  on  the 
supports  absorbing  organic  acids  from  the  wood.  The 
acid  produced  by  white  ants  has  been  known  to  destroy 
the  lead  covering  of  cables.  Robinson  reports  two  cases 
of  lead  poisoning,  caused  by  using  as  a  face  powder  a 
cosmetic  labeled  flake  white,  a  subcarbonate  of  lead. 
Rubber  cloth  containing  lead  in  the  rubber  compound, 
has  caused  poisoning.  The  amounts  found  were  .02% 
and  .12%  PbO2.  The  gases  from  burning  stearin 
candles  containing  lead  stearate  has  caused  illness  and 
headaches.  The  dryness  under  which  tea  is  packed  in 
lead  foil  prevents  any  danger  of  lead  poisoning.  It  has 


52  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

been  said  that  sick  lead  contains  more  or  less  chloride. 
Lead-lined  piping^  is  used  in  the  U.  S.  navy  for  all  salt 
water  pressure  piping  over  \l/2  in.  to  Sl/2  in.  in  diameter, 
and  precautions  are  necessary  to  prevent  lead  poisoning. 
The  Pb  dissolving  capacity  of  water  decreases  gradually 
as  the  inside  of  the  water  pipes  become  lined  with  a 
mineral  deposit,  until  practically  the  water  is  almost  free 
from  Pb.  Water  from  peat-covered  moorlands  will  take 
up  1  to  2.5  grains  of  Pb  per  gallon.  The  addition  of 
1.5  grains  of  CaCO3  before  filtration  and  1.5  grains-  of 
CaO  (clear  solution  of  Ca(HO)2),  after  filtration  will 
prevent  the  solution  of  lead.  Alkaline  as  well  as  acid 
solutions,  sea-water,  cement  water  and  especially  lime 
water  attack  metallic  Pb.  A  Berkefeld  filter  retains 
practically  all  of  the  lead  present  in  potable  water,  that 
has  been  taken  up  from  Pb  pipes.  Lead  poisoning  has 
been  caused  by  eating  food  prepared  in  '  much  used 
common  pottery,  due  to  fatty  material  penetrating  the 
glaze,  and  upon  reheating,  the  fat  containing  Pb  com- 
pounds again  returns  to  the  surface.  Many  cases  of 
lead  poisoning  among  lead-workers,  are  caused  by  par- 
ticles of  Pb  taken  in  the  food  and  drink,  showing  clean- 
liness is  essential.  The  discoloration  of  canned  foods 
in  the  majority  of  cases,  is  caused  by  the  metallic  sul- 
phides that  are  formed  by  the  action  of  H2S,  which 
either  forms  by  the  reaction  of  sulphides  with  vegetable 
acids  or  bacterial  action  due  to  insufficient  sterilization. 
Lead  caps  used  on  food  containers  containing  vinegar,  is 
considered  dangerous,  as  mustard  has  been  found  badly 
contaminated  with  Pb.  Acute  lead  poisoning  in  man 
from  Pb  content  of  earthenware  glaze,  requires  a  solu- 
tion of  not  less  than  20  grams  of  lead  compounds  per 
liter,  but  repeated  doses  of  a  few  nig.  causes  chronic 
poisoning.  Snuff  wrapped  in  Pb  foil  containing  89% 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  53 

Pb  caused  fatal  lead  poisoning.  The  snuff  contained 
1.75-1.90%  Pb.  Lead  arsenate  (Pbz(AsO^)2)  is  used 
extensively  as  a  spray  to  control  the  ravages  of  many 
leaf  eating  insects.  Lead  is  largely  used  in  building, 
leaden  chambers  for  the  manufacture  of  H2SO4,  tanks 
and  pans  for  chemical  manufactories,  water  and  gas 
pipes,  batteries,  shot,  rifle  balls,  alloys  and  for  many 
other  purposes.  Lead  has  the  property  of  flowing  in  the 
viscous  state  and  of  being  welded  by  pressure  in  the 
cold.  Pb  and  Sn  when  melted  together,  unite  in  all 
proportions.  Pb  alloys  readily  with  As,  but  with  Zn  and 
Fe  only  in  limited  amounts.  Pb  and  Bi  unite  in  various 
proportions.  Pb  and  Cu  alloys  form  more  readily  when 
Cu  is  in  excess.  Calvert  and  Johnson  found  expansion 
in  all  Sb-Pb  alloys.  Pb  and  Hg  form  amalgams  con- 
taining a^  high  as  33%  Pb  which  remain  in  the  liquid 
state.  Hardness  of  Pb  (talc=l)  1.51;  specific  heat  be- 
tween O°  and  100°C.,  .0314;  at  15°-100°C.,  .0309;  at 
300°C.,  .0338;  molten,  .0402;  for  f°C,  Sm  (o  to  f). 
.02925+.000019*2;  coefficient  of  linear  expansion  per 
degree  C.  (O°-100°)  .00002953;  tensile  strength  at 
ordinary  temperature  (pounds  per  square  inch)  cast, 
2,050;  coefficient  of  rigidity,4  .562X1011;  Bulk  Modulus,4 
5.00X1011;  Young's  Modulus,4  1 .62X10".  Specific 
gravity  of  commercial  lead  (98.30%  Pb)  11.33.  Weight 
of  1  cubic  foot,  707.27  pounds.  Shrinkage  of  castings 
.per  foot,  5/16  or  .3125  of  an  inch.  HCl  and  H2SO4 
have  but  little  action  upon  the  metal,  but  is  readily 
soluble  in  hot  dilute  HNO3. 
Metallurgical  Processes: 

The  oldest  type  of  furnace  was  used  in  England  during 
the  Roman  possession.     They  were  termed  boles  by  the 

*Mohs.  3Hofman. 

*Bede  and  Regnault.  *Kaye  and  Laby. 


54  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

leadworkers  of  that  time  and  were  of  the  most  simple 
;construction.  Charcoal  was  used  as  a  fuel  and  the  ore 
melted  with  a  natural  blast.  After  the  charge  was 
reduced  the  melted  metal  was  tapped  from  the  bottom 
of  the  furnace.  The  next  form  of  furnace  was  the  ore 
hearth,  with  bellows  blast  worked  by  water  power.  This 
form  of  furnace  is  still  in  use  in  some  localities.  Later, 
certain  distinct  processes  were  used,  viz.:  (a) air  reduc- 
tion process;  (b)  carbon  reduction  process;  (c)  precipi- 
tation process.  Thes-e  methods  of  reduction  or  modifica- 
tions of  the  same  are  now  known  as,  (1)  Carinthian 
process;  (2)  Tarnowitz  process;  (3)  English  process; 
(4)  French  or  Brittany  process;  (5)  Blast  reduction 
process;  (6)  Hearth  process;  (7)  Precipitation  process. 
The  type  of  furnaces  used  are:  Reverberatory,  shallow- 
hearths,  converters,  low  and  high  shaft  blast  furnaces. 

Blast   furnaces   are   now   used   in   the   United   States, 
Australia,  Greece  and  Mexico.    The  capacity  of  some  of 
the  furnaces  are  from  140  to  275  tons  of  lead  per  24 
hours. 
Natural  Sources: 

Native  lead  (Pb),  seldom  found  in  the  free  state. 
Sometimes  alloyed  with  a  little  Ag  or  Sb.  GALENITE, 
(PbS)  ;  CERUSSITE,  (PbCO3)  ;  anglesite,  (PbSO^}  ;  min- 
ium (Pb3O4)  ;  pyromorphite,  (Pb5Cl(PO^)3  or  3  Pb,P,O8 
vanadinite,  (P&5C/(FO4)3)  ;  wulfenite, 
-,  bouronite,  (PbCuSbS3)  ;  clausthalite, 
(PbSe)  ;  crocoite,  (PbCrO4)  ;  jamesonite,  (Pb,Sb2S5)  ; 
mimetite,(Pfr5a(^O4)3)  ;  descloizite,  ( (PbZn)  (PbOH) 
FO4);  zinckenite,  (PbSb2S4)  ;  matlockite,  (Pb2Cl,O)  ; 
mendipite,  (Pb3Cl2O2)  ;  lanarkite,  (PbO+PbS04)  ;  "lead- 
hillite,  (PbSO4+3  PbC03)  ;  phosgenite,  (PbCL+ 
PbCO3)  ;  stolzite,  (PbWO^\  minetesite,  (3  P^^208+ 
PbC!2);  zorgite,  ((PbCu)Se)  \  lehrbachite,  (PbHgSe)  ; 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  55 

castillite,     (PbCuFeAgZnS)  ;      naumanite,     (PbAgSe)  ; 


jordanite,  (PbAsS)  ;  plagionite,  (PbS  Sb)  ;  brongniardite, 
(2(PM$r)S'+.Si&SV)  ;  cosalite,  (2J%S«HKS()  ;  dufrenoy- 
site,  (2  PW+^jS1,)  ;  freieslebenite,  (5  (PbAg)S+ 
2SbS3);  boulangerite,  (3  PbS-\-SbS3)  ;  epiboulangerite, 
(SPbSb)  ;  schirmerite,  (PbAgBiS)  ;  kobellite,  (3  PbS+ 
(BiSb)S3)  ;  aikinite,  (3  (PbCu)S+BiS3)  ;  polytelite, 
(SPbSbAgFe);  meneghinite,  (4  PbS  SbS3)  ;  geocronite, 
(5PbS+(SbAs)Ss)  ;  plattnerite,  (P&O0)  ;  phoenicochro- 
ite,  (3  PbOCr*Oa)  ;  jossanite,  (PbOZnOCrO3)  ;  poly- 
sphaerite,  ((PbCa)3(POJ^(PbCa),PO4Cl);  kampy- 
lite,  (P&8((^P)04)2+P&2(^P)04a). 
Other  Sources: 

Dross,  from  lead  refining;  lead  matte,  from  smelting 
lead  ores  containing  PbS  with  FeS  and  CuS  as  impuri- 
ties ;  lead  slags,  from  smelting  lead  processes  ;  hearth  and 
furnace  material,  saturated  with  PbO. 
Mining  Localities  : 

United  States,  England,  France,  Sweden,  Spain,  Scot- 
land, Germany,  Greece,  Belgium,  Italy,  Austria-Hungary, 
Norway,  Russia,  Asiatic  Turkey,  Mexico,  Canada,  Japan, 
China  and  Australia. 
References: 

Lead-  Smelting.     lies.  (d). 

Lead-Smelting  and  Refining.     Ingalls.   (e). 

Lead  Refining  by  Electrolysis.     Betts.   (d). 

Metallurgy  of  Lead  and  the  Desilverization  of  Base 
Bullion.     Hofman.   (e). 

Metallurgy    of    Lead    and    Silver.      Part    I.,    Lead. 
Collins,   (e) 

Metallurgy  of  Argentiferous  Lead.     Eissler.   (e). 

Lead  and  Zinc  in  the  United  States.     Ingalls.   (e). 

Lead  and  Its  Compounds.     Lambert,   (e). 


56  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Lead  and  Zinc  Pigments.     Holley.   (e). 

Notes  on  Lead  Ores.     Fairie.   (e). 

Notes  on  Lead  and  Copper  Smelting.     Hixon.   (&). 

A  Precis  of  Lead  Smelting.     Longridge.   (e). 

Metallurgy    of    Lead,    including    Desilverization    and 

Cupellation.     Percy,   (e). 

Notes  for  a  History  of  Lead.     Pulsifer.   (e). 
Lead  Smelting.     Collis.   («). 
Lead  Poisoning  and  Lead  Absorption.    Legge-Goadly. 

(»). 

Primary  Lead  Smelted  or  Refined  in  the  United  States.* 
Domestic  Ores. 

^  During  1914,  534,482  tons;  1915,  555,055  tons;  1916, 
571,134  tons.     The  lead   content  of  ore   mined   in  the 
United  States  in  1917,  was  about  640,000  tons. 
Commercial  Metals. 

The  following  analyses  indicate  the  purity  of  the 
metal : 

Refined  lead2— Pb,  99.984%  ;  Sb,  .0057%  ;  Cu,  .0014%  ; 
Fe,  .0023%;  Zn,  .0008%;  Ni,  .0007%;  Bi,  .0055%. 
Refined  lead3— Pb,  99.28%;  As,  .16%;  Sb,  tr.;  Fe, 
.05%;  Cu,  .25%;  Ag,  .53%.  Raw  lead3— Pb,  97.72%; 
As,  1.36%;  Sb,  .72%;  Fe,  .07%;  Cu,  .25%;  Ag,  .49%. 
Hard  lead3— Pb,  87.60%;  As,  7.90%;  Sb,  2.80%;  F<?, 
fr. ;  Cu,  .40%.  PARKES'  process  lead  (American) — Bi, 
.066%— .110%;  Sb,  .0028%— .0076% ;  ^,  .00025%- 
.009%.  Electrolytic  lezd—Ag,  29  oz.  per  ton;  Cu, 
.0010%;  S&,  .0066%;  B'i,  .0024%;  ^,  fr. ;  F<?,  .0028%. 
Qualitative  Analysis: 

Dissolve  1  gram  of  the  metal  in  20  c.  c.  of  dilute 
HNO3(l:  2)  and  dilute  to  50  c.  c.  with  water.  Boil  for 

lPress  Bulletin,  Jan.,  1918.     U.  S.  Geol.  Survey.  (Siebenthal.) 

'Hampe. 

'Reich. 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  57 

a  few  minutes  and  filter  if  necessary,  on  double  filter. 
Divide  filtrate  in  3  parts. 

(1)  Add  a  few  drops  of  strong  HCl:   white  precipi- 
tate of  PbCl2  is  formed,  soluble  in  hot  water;  converted 
by  NH4HO  to  white  lead  oxychloride1  (PbCl2.    3  PbO) 
almost  insoluble  in  water. 

(2)  Add   dilute   H2SO4(l :  1)  :    white   precipitate   of 
PbS04]    soluble   in   hot   HCl,    forming   PbCl2;   slightly 
soluble  in  hot  concentrated  HNO3',   soluble   in   boiling 
concentrated  H2SO±,   reprecipitated  by  the  addition  of 
water;   soluble   in  aqua   regia,   NaHO,   KHO    and   hot 
NH4HO    solution;    quite    soluble    in    hot    solutions    of 
NH4C2PI3O2  and  NaC2H3O2,  reprecipitated  by  KCrO4 
as  PbCrO4 ;  insoluble  in  HC<,H3O0 ;  soluble  in  solutions 
of  NaHO,  KHO  and  dilute  "HCl" 

(3)  Add  slowly  a  solution  of  KI :    dark  yellow  pre- 
cipitate PbI2;  soluble  in  excess  of  KI  and  dilute  HCl 

Heat  a  small  fragment  of  Pb  on  charcoal  with  the 
reducing  flame :  coating  of  brownish-red  when  hot,  light 
yellow  when  cold. 

H2S  and  (7V7/4)2S  precipitate  from  moderately  acid 
and  neutral  solutions  of  Pb,  a  black  precipitate  of  PbS; 
insoluble  in  (NH4)2S;  decomposed  by  hot  dilute  HNOZ 
(1:3)  and  the  solution  contains  all  the  Pb  as  Pb(NO3)2. 
Medium  concentrated  HNO3  converts  the  sulphide  to 
the  soluble  nitrate  and  insoluble  sulphate,  with  unoxi- 
dized  sulphur.  Fuming  HN03  converts  PbS  to  insoluble 
PbSO4  and  also  oxidizes  the  sulphur.  If  HCl  is  present 
in  excess,  a  red  precipitate  of  lead  chloro-sulphide1  may 
form,  which  is  converted  to  PbS  with  excess  of  H9S. 

Na2CO3:  white  precipitate  of  2  PbCO3.Pb(HO)2l; 
slightly  soluble  in  excess,  especially  if  the  solution  is 
heated. 

*Fresenius. 


58  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

NaHO,  KHO  and  NH^HO   form  white  precipitates 
of  hydrates  mixed  with  basic  salts ;   soluble  in  NaHO 
and  KHO  solution,  insoluble  in  NH^HO. 
Quantitative  Analysis. 
Alexander's  Method  Modified. 

Volumetric  Method. — Place  1  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  250  c.  c.  beaker,  add  20  c.  c.  of 
HNOZ(IA2}  and  boil  gently  until  the  fumes  have  dis- 
appeared. Evaporate  to  dryness.  Cool,  moisten  with 
5  c.c.  of  ffl\TO8(1.42),  add  50  c.  c.  of  water  and  boil 
vigorously  five  minutes.  Stir  thoroughly,  filter  into  250 
c.  c.  marked  flask  and  wash  beaker,  filter  and  contents 
thoroughly  with  hot  water  containing  a  few  drops  of 
HNO3.  Place  filter  containing  the  residue  in  original 
beaker,  add  50  c.  c.  of  (NH4)2S,  heat  nearly  to  boiling 
and  allow  to  stand  on  hot  plate,  below  the  boiling  point 
for  fifteen  minutes.  Filter  and  wash  with  hot  water 
.containing  2%  (NH^]2S.  Place  filter  and  contents  in 
.beaker,  cover  with  40  c.c.  of  dilute  HNOs(l:3)  and 
boil  gently  until  the  black  sulphides  are  dissolved.  Filter, 
wash  with  hot  water  and  evaporate  the  filtrate  and 
washings  if  necessary,  and  add  to  solution  in  250  c.  c. 
flask.  Cool,  dilute  to  the  mark  and  mix  thoroughly. 
Take  50  c.c.  oi  solution  with  pipette  (1-^-250X50= 
.2  gram)  and  place  in  250  c.  c.  beaker.  Add  10  c.  c.  of 
NH4HO(l :  1)  and  a  small  piece  of  litmus  paper.  Acid- 
ulate solution  with  HC2HSO2  (about  2  c.  c.  of  50% 
solution)  and  dilute  to  100  c.  c.  Heat  to  boiling  and 
titrate  with  standard  (NH4)6  Mo7O24.  4  H2O  solution, 
using  a  dilute  solution  of  tannic  acid  as  an  indicator. 
(.1  gram  of  tannic  acid  dissolved  in  20  c.  c.  of  water). 
Standard  (NH4)QMo7O24.  4  H2O  Solution. 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  59 

Dissolve  8.53  grams  of  the  salt  in  water  and  dilute 
to  1000  c.  c.  Standardize  solution  with  a  babbitt  of 
known  Pb  content,  which  has  been  precipitated  as  PbSO^ 
and  weighed  in  a  Gooch  crucible.  1  c.  c.  of  solution= 
.01  gram  of  Pb.  (theoretical.) 

(NH4)9Mo7O94.    4  H.O+7  Pb(C,H3O,)2= 

7  PbMoO4+6  NH4CMS02+S  HC2H3O2 
7  Pb=(NH,)QMo702,.    4  H20 
Pb=2072x7  =1450.4 

(NH,)6Mo7O,,.    4  #.,0=1236.316X1  =  1236.316 
1236.316 :  1450.4=8.53  :  X       X=10.00  grams  Pb. 

1000  c.  c.  of  Ammonium  Molybdate  V.  S.  containing 
8.53  grams  of  (Ar//4)6A/o7O24.  4//2O=10.00  grams  Pb. 
1  c.  c.  of  Ammonium  Molybdate  V.  S.  containing 
.00853  gram  of  (Ar#4)6M07O24f  4  //2O=.01  gram  Pb. 
(theoretical.) 
Accuracy  of  Method. 

No.  1=69.37%  Pb.        No.  4=69.37%  Pb. 
11    2=69.37"    "  "    5=69.37 "     " 

"    3=69.37"     "  "    6=69.37"     " 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

.00991X14  c.c. 

X  100=69.37%  Pb. 

.2  gram. 

Mixture  calculation=69.50%  Pb. 

It  is  much  better  to  standardize  the  molybdate  solu- 
tion with  an  alloy  of  known  Pb  content  than  to  use 
metallic  lead  marked  C.  P.  containing  an  uncertain  per- 
centage of  Pb.  The  above  also  applies  to  PbSO^  as 
means  of  standardization,  as  the  PbSO±  may  absorb 
moisture  and  not  be  in  the  same  condition  as  when 
freshly  ignited. 


60  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The  modification  of  the  Alexander  method  is  as 
follows:  Avoiding  the  precipitation  of  Pb  as  PbSO± 
and  the  separation  of  traces  of  Pb  from  Sn,  Sb  and 
As  in  HNO3  residues. 

It  would  be  of  interest  for  the  student  to  make  the 
following  experiment  : 

Place  about  .25.  of  a  gram  of  moist  PbSO4  in  150  c.  c. 
beaker.  Add  50  c.  c.  of  (NH±).2S,  stir  thoroughly,  heat 
nearly  to  boiling  and  allow  to  stand  on  hot  plate  below 
the  boiling  point  for  fifteen  minutes.  Filter,  wash  with 
dilute  (NH±)2S  and  transfer  precipitate  from  the  filter 
to  original  beaker-  with  a  little  water.  Add  40  c.  c.  of 
dilute  HN03  (1:3)  and  boil  gently  until  the  sulphide  is 
dissolved.  Filter  on  small  filter  and  wash  with  hot 
water.  Place  filter  in  porcelain  crucible,  moisten  with 
HNO5,  dry  and  ignite  carefully.  Cool  the  crucible, 
moisten  the  ash  with  a  few  drops  of  HCl  and  1  or  2 
drops  of  HNOS  and  evaporate  to  dryness.  Moisten  the 
slight  residue  with  a  few  drops  of  HCl,  add  2  or  3  c.  c. 
of  water,  heat  to  boiling  and  filter  on  a  very  small  filter. 
Wash  filter  with  a  little  hot  water,  add  4  or  5  drops  of 
H2SO4  to  filtrate  and  evaporate  to  SOS  fumes.  Cool, 
add  10  c.  c.  of  water  and  allow  to  settle. 

The  absence  of  even  traces  of  PbSO^  clearly  indicates 
that  the  PbSO4  was  converted  entirely  to  PbS  by  the 
action  of 


Gravimetric  Method.  —  Place  .5  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  400  c.  c.  beaker,  add  2  grams  of  C4//6O6 
and  5  c.  c.  of  HNO3  (1.42).  Heat  gently  until  the  alloy 
is  decomposed  and  add  HCl,  a  few  drops  at  a  time  until 
the  metal  is  dissolved.  Add  35  c.  c.  of  water  to  dissolve 
the  soluble  salts,  leaving  a  clear  solution  with  no  residue. 
Place  a  small  piece  of  red  litmus  paper  in  the  solution 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  61 

and  add  a  strong  solution  of  NaHO  until  the  solution 
is  strongly  alkaline  (the  precipitate  first  formed  will 
redissolve  as  the  solution  becomes  more  alkaline  and 
will  have  a  blue  color,  if  more  than  traces  of  Cu  or  Ni 
are  present).  Dilute  with  water  to  150  c.  c.  and  add 
15  c.c.  of  a  colorless  solution  of  Na2S  (1.20),  stir 
thoroughly  and  allow  to  stand  on  plate  about  thirty 
minutes.  Filter  and  wash  with  a  dilute  solution  of 
Na2S  (1  c.  c.  of  Na2S  solution  diluted  to  100  c.  c.  with 
water)  and  the  last  time  with  hot  water.  Transfer  the 
precipitate  from  the  filter  to  the  original  beaker  with 
a  little  water,  add  15  c .  c.  of  fuming  HNOZ  and  boil 
down  as  low  as  possible.  Meantime,  place  the  filter  in 
a  small  beaker,  cover  with  25  c.  c.  of  hot  dilute  HNO3 
(1:3)  and  heat  to  dissolve  the  adhering  sulphides. 
Filter,  wash  with  hot  water  and  add  filtrate  to  main 
solution,  to  which  add  5  c.  c.  of  H2SO4  (1.84)  and  evap- 
orate to  SOS  fumes.  Cool,  add  75  c.  c.  of  water,  heat 
to  dissolve  the  soluble  sulphates,  allow  to  settle  and 
filter  on  a  weighed  porcelain  Gooch  crucible.  Wash  five 
times  with  hot  water  containing  \%  H2SO±  and  finally 
with  40-50  c.  c.  of  C2H6O  and  reserve  filtrate  and  wash 
water  for  the  determination  of  Cu,  Fe  and  Zn.  Dry 
crucible  and  contents  on  hot  plate,  place  crucible  on 
platinum  crucible  cover  and  ignite  for  five  minutes. 
Cool  and  weigh  as  PbSO±,  which  contains  .6832  per  cent 
of  Pb. 
No.  2  Babbitt. 

Weight  of  Gooch  crucible+F&5O4=2 1.0002  grams. 

=20.4925 

.5077  gram. 
.5077X.6832 
X  100=69.37%  Pb. 


gram. 


62  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

If  a  Gooch  crucible  is  not  available,  proceed  exactly 
as  above  until  the  precipitate  of  PbSO±  is  ready  to  filter. 
Filter  on  small  ashless  filter,  wash  four  or  five  times 
with  hot  water  containing  1%  H2SO4  and  finally  with 
40-50  c.  c.  of  C2HQO.  Dry  filter  and  contents,  transfer 
the  precipitate  as  much  as  possible  to  a  clean  watch 
glass  and  place  the  filter  in  weighed  porcelain  crucible 
and  moisten  thoroughly  with  HNOS.  Dry,  ignite  care- 
fully at  a  low  temperature,  cool,  add  2  c.  c.  of  HNO3, 
1  drop  of  HCl  and  1  or  2  drops  of  H2SO4  and  evap- 
orate to  dryness.  Repeat  the  addition  of  acids  as  above, 
evaporate  and  ignite  carefully.  Cool,  add  the  precipitate, 
ignite,  cool  and  weigh  as  PbSO±. 

The  above  precautions  must  be  carefully  observed  in 
igniting  the  filter  and  reconverting  all  Pb  (reduced  by 
the  carbon  of  the  filter)  to  PbSO^,  otherwise  there  will 
be  a  loss  due  to  oxidation  and  volatilization  and  by 
weighing  small  particles  of  Pb  as  PbSO±. 

Excellent  comparative  results  can  be  obtained  by  filter- 
ing the  PbSO4  on  a  weighed  filter  (dried  for  one  hour 
in  air  bath  at  100° C.)  washing  with  hot  water  contain- 
ing \%  H2SOt  and  then  thoroughly  with  95%  C2H6O, 
drying  the  filter  and  contents  in  air  bath  for  one  hour 
and  weighing  as  PbSO4. 

A  sample  of  solder  gave  by  this  method,  (a)   54.42% 
Pb.     (b)  54.42%  Pb. 
Determination  of  Pb  in  Commercial  Metal. 

Gravimetric  Method. — Place  .5  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  metal  in  250  c.  c.  beaker  and  add  10  c.  c.  of 
HNO3  (1.42)  +20  c.  c.  of  water.  Warm  gently  until  the 
metal  is  dissolved,  add  3  c.  c.  of  HCl  and  boil  for  a 
few  minutes.  Cool,  add  10  c.  c.  of  H2SO4  (1.84)  and 
evaporate  to  SOS  fumes.  Cool,  add  50  c.  c.  of  water, 
heat  to  boiling  and  allow  to  settle.  Filter  on  weighed 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  63 

porcelain  Gooch  crucible,  wash  five  times  with  hot  water 
containing  \%  H2SO±  and  finally  with  35-40  c.  c.  of 
95%  C2H6O  and  continue  the  determination  as  usual. 
Accuracy  of  Method. 

(a)  98.325%  Pb.     (b)  98.284%  Pb. 

According  to  the  analytical  experiments  of  Fresenius, 
1  part  of  PbSO4  is  soluble  in  22816  parts  of  pure  water 
and  1  part  of  this  salt  is  soluble  in  36504  parts  of  water 
containing  free  H2SO4,  also,  that  there  is  no  decrease 
in  weight  on  the  continued  ignition  of  PbSO4. 

A  modified  Gooch  crucible  holder  is  sold  under  the 
name  of  "Esco"  by  Eberbach  and  Son,  Ann  Harbor, 
Mich.  This  is  really  a  good  apparatus  and  excludes 
entirely  the  use  of  rubber  tubing. 

The  asbestos  for  the  Gooch  crucible  should  be  treated 
for  a  few  hours  in  each  of  the  following  acids,  HCl, 
HNO3  and  H2SO4  (1:5)  and  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
latter  solution  until  used. 

Electrolytic  Method. — Proceed  exactly  as  in  the 
gravimetric  method  until  the  black  precipitate  of  PbS 
and  CuS  is  obtained.  Wash  thoroughly  with  dilute 
(NH4)2S  and  finally,  once  with  hot  water.  Dissolve 
the  sulphides  in  a  mixture  of  15  c.  c.  of  HNOz-\-25  c.  c. 
of  water,  filter  and  wash  with  hot  water.  Dilute  filtrate 
to  150  c.  c.  with  water  and  electrolyze  with  a  current 
of  ArZ7100=l  to  1.5  ampere  and  2.5  volts.  Time,  one  to 
two  hours.  Temperature  50°  to  60°C.  When  all  the 
metal  is  deposited,  lower  the  beaker  slowly  (meantime 
continue  the  current),  wash  the  cathode  (serving  as 
anode)  and  deposit  with  distilled  water  and  immerse  in 
95%  C2H6O  for  a  few  seconds.  Dry  in  air  bath  at 
160°-19"0°C.,  to  constant  weight.  Multiply  the  weight 


64  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

of  the  deposit  by  a  factor  that  has  been  found  by  direct 
experiment.1 

Weight  taken— .5  gram. 

1.5 

Used  3.7 — 4  amperes   ( =3.75)  and  3.5  volts. 

.40 

(Three  32  and  three  16  c.  p.  lamps  in  parallel). 
Time  one  hour. 

Cylinder-f-deposit=  10.2774  grams. 
=  10.0400      " 


.2374  gram. 

.2374  gram  of  Pb00  after  30  minutes  at  160°C. 
.2369     "       "       "         "      60        "         "     " 
.2365      "       "      "         "      90        "         "    " 
.2363     "       "      "         "     120        "         "     " 
.2360     "       "      "         "     150        "         "     " 
.2369X.8411 
-  X  100=39.85%  Pb. 

.5  gram. 

K2Cr2O7  Method.   (Schwarz's  method).  =40.03%  Pb. 
Factor  Calculation. 

A  sample  of  alloy  containing  14.78%  Pb  was  used  as 
a  standard.     The  Pb  was  determined   and   weighed  as 


Weight  taken=.5  gram. 
Cylinder-}-deposit=10.1281  grams. 
=  10.0402      " 


.0879  gram. 

*Sand  found  it  was  best  to  dip  the  PbO2  into  alcohol,  then  into 
ether  and  then  heat  rapidly  over  a  Buns  en.  The  factor  used  for 
the  above  was  .863  to  865.  (Sand.  Chem.  News  100,  269-70J 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  65 

.0879X.86621 


-X  100=15.22%  Pb. 


.3  gram. 
1478:  15.22=X:  .8662.        X=. 841  l=f actor. 

.0879  X. 8411 

X 100=  14.78%  Pb. 

.5  gram. 

Cylinder  and  deposit  of  PbO2  dried  in  air  bath  for 
one  hour  at  160°  C. 

The  following  articles  will  be  of  interest  to  analyst: 
Volumetric  Determination  of  Lead.    Cushman-Campbell. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Nov.,  1895. 
Volumetric  Estimation  of  Lead.    Pope.    J.  Amer.  Chem. 

Soc.,  Aug.,  1896. 
Volumetric   Determination   of   Lead.      Wainwright.     J. 

Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  May,  1897. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Alloys.     Garriques.    J.  Amer. 

Chem.  Soc.,  July,  1898. 

Determination   of    Lead   in    Ores.      Meade.      J.    Amer. 
Chem.  Soc.,  May,  1897. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Ores.     Low.    J.  Amer.  Chem. 

Soc.,  April,  1900. 
Volumetric  Determination  of  Lead.     Ericson.     J.  Amer. 

Chem.  Soc.,  Sept.,  1904. 
Rapid  Determination  of  Lead  by  Electrolysis.     Smith. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1905. 
Complete  Analysis  of  Lead  Ores.    Muller.    Chem.  Eng., 

March,  1905. 
Analysis  of  Commercial  Lead  and  Tin  Alloys.    Hollard- 

Bertiaux.     Chem.  Eng.,  March,  1905. 

*Per  cent,  of  Pb  in  PbO» 


66  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Chromate  Oxalate  Method  for  Lead.    Low.    Chem.  Eng., 

Nov.,  1908. 
Determination  of  Copper,  Arsenic  and  Antimony  in  Lead 

Bullion.     Parmelee.     Chem.  Eng.,  June,   1905. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Spelter  and  in  Ores.     Ericson. 

Chem.  Eng.,  Oct.,   1908. 
Technical   Determination  of   Lead   in   Ores.     Low.     J. 

Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  April,  1908. 
Volumetric  Chromate  Determination  of  Lead.    Waddell. 

J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  3,  629-30. 
Some  New   Features  in  the  Electrolytic  Determination 

of  Lead.     Fairchild.     J.   Ind.  Eng.   Chem.,  3,  902. 
Electrolytic  Determination  of  Lead  in  Large  and  Small 

Amounts   Using  a   Gauze   Cylinder  Anode.     Woicie- 

chqwski.     Met.  Chem.  Eng.,  10,  108. 
Electrolytic    Determination    of     Lead.       List.       Metal. 

Chem.  Eng.,  10,  135. 
Estimation  of  Lead,   Nickel  and  Zinc  by  Precipitation 

as   Oxalates   and  Titration  with   Potassium   Perman- 
ganate.    Ward.     Am.  J.  Sci.,  33,  334-8. 
Estimation    of    Lead    in    Tinware    as    Lead    Chloride. 

Crato.     Apoth.  Ztg.,  27,  192. 
The    Effect    of    Lime    on    the    Ammonium    Molybdate 

Method     of     Lead     Assay.        Bannister-McNamara. 

Analyst,  37,  242-7. 
Note    on    the    Determination    of    Lead    in    Chemicals. 

Elsdon.    Pharm.  J.,  89,  143-4,  176. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Lead  Pigments.    Utz.    Farben- 

Ztg.,  18,  18-20. 
Electrolytic  Analysis  with  Platinum  Electrodes  of  Light 

Weight.     Gooch-Burdick.     Am.  J.  Sci.,  34,  107-12. 
Rapid  Electroanalysis  under  Reduced  Pressure.    Fischer- 

Stecher.     Z.  Elektrochem.,  18,  809-16.     (C.  A.,  6,  51. 

C.  A.,  6,  192). 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  •  67 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Alloys  Containing  Tin.  Utz. 
Arch.  Chem.  Mikros.,  5,  309-20. 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Lead  Colors.  Sacher.  Farben. 
Ztg.,  18,  295-6. 

Colorimetric  Determination  of  Iron  in  Lead  and  in  its 
Oxides.  Schaeffer.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  4,  659-60. 

Analysis  of  Leaded  German  Silver.  Price.  Chem.  Eng., 
9,4. 

Rapid  Determination  of  Iron  and  Lead  in  Spelter. 
Price.  Chem.  Eng.,  9,  4. 

Colorimetric  Determination  of  Lead  in  the  Presence  of 
Iron.  Wilkie.  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  28,  636-8. 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Solder  and  in  the  Tin  Lining 
of  Cans  Used  for  Keeping  Foods.  Crose.  Ann.  chim. 
anal,  appl.,  14,  245-8. 

Determination  of  Lead  and  Cadmium  in  Spelter.  Eric- 
son.  Eng.  Mm.  J.,  87,  1086. 

Volumetric  Estimation  of  Lead  by  Potassium  Perman- 
ganate. Bollenbach.  Chem.  Ztg.,  33,  1142. 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Tinned  Iron.  Spaeth.  Pharm. 
Zentr.,  50,  865. 

Volumetric  Estimation  of  Lead  with  Potassium  Perman- 
ganate in  Alkaline  Solution.  Sacher.  Chem.  Ztg., 
33,  1321-22. 

Electroanalytical  Determination  of  Lead  as  Peroxide. 
Sand.  Chem.  News,  100,  269-70. 

Discussion  on  the  Determination  of  Lead  in  the  Presence 
of  Iron.  Wilkie.  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  29,  3-4. 

New  Volumetric  Methods  for  the  Estimation  of  Zinc 
and  Lead.  Rupp.  Chem.  Ztg.,  34,  121. 

Rapid  Determination  of  Lead  in  Chilled  Blast-furnace 
Slags.  Schimerka.  Eng.  Min.  J.,  89,  467  / 

Method  for  the  Approximate  Estimation  of  Small  Quan- 
tities of  Lead.  Harcourt  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  97,  841. 


68  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Assay  of  Lead  in  Tailings  and  Slags.     Buskett.     Eng. 

Min.  J.,  90,  408. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Non-ferrous  Alloys.      Karr. 

Metal  Ind.,  8,  346-8. 
Litharge  and  Lead  Oleate.     Harrison.     Pharm.  J.,  81, 

349. 

Determination    of     Antimony    and    Arsenic    in     Lead- 
Antimony  Alloys.     Howard.     J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  30, 

1789-90  (Nov.). 
The  Volumetric  Determination  of  Lead  in  its  Minerals. 

Muller.     Bull.  soc.  chim.,  3-4,  1131. 
The  Electrolytic  Estimation  of  Lead  and  of  Manganese 

by   the   Use   of   the   Filtering   Crucible.      Gooch   and 

Beyer.     Am.  J.  Sci.,  27,  59-64. 
Estimation   of    Lead    in   Lead-Tin   Alloys.      Holzmann. 

Pharm.   Centrk.,   49,   417-22;   through   Chem.   Zentr., 

1908,  II,  200. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Tin  Plate.   Knopfle.   Z.  Nahr.- 

Genussm.,  17,  670. 
Analysis  of  Lead  Arsenate  for  Water-soluble  Impurities. 

Griffin.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  I,  659-61. 
The   Most   Rapid   Determination  of  Lead  by   the   Wet 

Method.     Sacher.     Chem.  Ztg.,  33,  1257-8. 
The  Determination  of  Lead  in  Ores  by  the  Aid  of  the 

Centrifugal    Machine.  •    Castek.    Oesterr.      Z.    Berg- 

Huttenw.,  57,  665-70,  684-5. 
Volatilization  of  Lead  and  Silver  in  Cupellation.    Liddell. 

Eng.  Min.  J.,  89,  1264. 
The  Separation  of  Bismuth  from  Lead  and  the  Analysis 

of  Bismuth-Lead  Alloys.    Little  and  Cohen.     Analyst, 

35,  301-6. 
The  Valuation  of  the  Higher  Oxides  of  Lead.     Chwala 

and  Colle.    Z.  anal.  Chem.,  50,  209-49. 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  69 

The  Dichromate-Iodide  Method  for  Lead.    Wilder.    Eng. 

Mining  J.,  92,  390. 

Determination  of  Small  Quantities  of  Lead  in  Antimony- 
Copper  Alloys   (Babbitt  Metal).     Wolfgang.     Mann. 

Chem.  Ztg.,  34,  917. 
Quantitative  Separation  of  Lead  and  Bismuth.    Galletly- 

Henderson.     Analyst,  34,  389-91. 
Rapid  Determination  of  Lead  in  Ores  by   Electrolysis 

with   Stationary  Electrodes.      Benner.      J.   Ind.  Eng. 

Chem.,  2,  348-9. 
Detection  and  Determination  of  Lead  in  the  Dust  and 

Vapor  of  Work  Shops  in  the  Lead  Industries.    Heim- 

Hebert.     Bull.  sci.  pharmacolog.,  16,  272-4. 
Electrolytic  Determination   of   Lead  in   Ores.     Benner- 

Ross.     Mining  Sci.  Press,  101,  642-3. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Tin  Alloys.     Schacherl.    Arch. 

Chem.  Mikros.,  3,  45-8. 
Estimation  of  Small  Quantities  of  Lead  in  Beer.    Knaff. 

J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  30,  165n6. 
Determination  of   Lead  in   Zinc  Ores.     Merrill.     Eng. 

Mining  J.,  91,  569. 
Colorimetric   Estimation   of    Lead   in   Drinking   Water. 

Scheringa.     Pharm.  Weekblad,  47,  1212-3. 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Alloys  Containing  Antimony 

and  Tin.     Blakeley-Chance.    J.  Soc.  Chem.,  30,  518-9. 
New  Form  Gauze  Electrodes  for  the  Electrolytic  Deter- 
mination of  Lead  and  Copper.     Benner.     Met.  Chem. 

Eng.,  9,  141-5. 
Determination    of    Lead    in    Lead    Arsenate    as    Lead 

Chromate.     McDonnell-Roark.     U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr., 

Bur.  Chem.  Bull,  137,  40-2. 
Determination  of  Lead  and  Zinc  in  Rubber  Goods.    Kuhl. 

Suddeut     Apoth.  Ztg.,  51,  135-6. 


70  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The  Origin  and  Peculiarities  of  Lead.     Scott.     Metal 

Ind.,  11,  34-5. 
Detection  and  Colorimetric  Estimation  of  Lead,  Copper 

and  Zinc  in  Tap  Water.  Winkler.   Budapest.  Z.  angew. 

Chem.,  26,  38-44. 
Simple  Rapid  Determination  of  Lead  in  Tin.     Vannier. 

Anni.  fals.,  5,  477. 
Rapid  Detection  of  Lead  in  Paints.     Spaeth.     Phann. 

Zentralhalle,  53,  703-4;  Chem.  Zentr.,   1912,  II,  550. 
Analysis  of  Tin  and  Tin-Lead  Dross.     Determination  of 

Tin  and  Lead  Electrolytically.     Bertiaux.     Ann.  chim. 

anal.,  18,  217-9. 
Simultaneous  Determination  of  Copper  and  Lead,  with 

the  Rotating  Anode.    White.    Trans.  Am.  Electrochem. 

Soc.,  24. 
Effect  of  Tungsten  on  Ammonium  Molybdate  Assay  of 

Lead.    Lavers.    Proc.  Australian  Inst.  Min.  Eng.,  1913, 

243-5. 
Detection  of  Lead  in  Bismuth  Subnitrate  and  Bismuth 

Subcarbonate.     Guerin.     J.  pharm.  chim.,  8,  422-4. 
Determination    of    Lead    in    Unchilled    Slags.      Wilder. 

Eng.  Mining  J.,  96,  695. 
Cathodic  Determination  of  Lead  and  Analysis  of  Lead 

Alloys.     Gartenmeister.     Chem.   Ztg.,  37,   1281-2. 
Simple   and   Reliable   Method   of   Quantitatively   Deter- 
mining    Lead     in     Drinking     Water.       Reese-Drost. 

Gesundh.  Ing.,  37,  129-33. 
Estimation  of  Small  Amounts  of  Lead.     Siegfried-Pozzi. 

Biochem.  Z.,  61,  149-56. 
Quantitative   Estimation   of   Small   Quantities   of    Lead 

Dissolved    from    Vessels    Containing    Lead    Silicate. 

Meerburg.     Chem.  Weekblad,  10,  753-8. 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  71 

Two  Accurate  Methods  for  the  Colorimetric  Determina- 
tion of  Lead  and  Copper  in  Drinking  Water.  Reese- 
Drost.  Z.  angew.  Chem.,  27,  I,  307-12. 

Lead  Poisoning  in  the  Smelting  and  Refining  of  Lead. 
Hamilton.  Bur.  Labor  Statistics,  Whole  No.  141,  97 
pp.  (Feb.,  1914)  ;  cf.  C.  A.  5,  2437;  7,  653;  9,  1878. 

Detection  of  Lead  in  Bismuth  Subnitrate.  Guerin. 
J.  pharm.  chim.,  10,  23. 

Method  of  Sampling  and  Analysis  of  Tin,  Terne  and 
Lead-Coated  Sheets.  Aupperle.  Metal  Ind.  Eng. 
Chem.,  6,  658-9. 

Lead  Poisoning  by  the  Waters  of  Limousin.  Fauconnier. 
Bull.  soc.  pharm.,  Borbeaux,  53,  530-7.  Chem.  Ab., 
22,  3650,  1914. 

Use  of  Hydrofluoric  Acid  in  the  Separation  of  Copper 
and  Lead  from  Tin  and  Antimony  by  the  Means  of 
the  Electric  Current.  McCay.  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc., 
36,  2375-81  (1914). 

Estimation  of  Very  Small  Amounts  of  Lead  in  Tap 
Water.  Pick.  Arb.  kais.  Gesundh,  48,  155-64  (1914). 

Determination  of  Small  Quantities  of  Lead  in  Tinning 
Baths,  Tinned  Goods  and  Solders.  Breteau-Fleury. 
J.  pharm.  chim.,  10,  265-73  (1914). 

Difficulties  in  the  Separation  and  Estimation  of  Small 
Quantities  of  Lead  in  Solders,  Tinned  Goods,  Etc. 
Breteau-Fleury.  J.  pharm.  chim.,  10,  147-52  (1914). 

Amount  of  Lead,  Copper  and  Zinc  in  Artificial  Mineral 
Waters,  and  the  Determination  of  these  Metals. 
Reese-Drost.  Z.  Xahr.  Genussm.,  28,  427-49  (1914). 

Toxicological  Estimation  of  Lead,  Especially  in  the  Urine 
of  individuals  Suffering  from  Lead  Poisoning.  Meil- 
lere.  J.  pharm.  chim.,  10,  225-31  (1915). 


72  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Determination  of  Arsenic  in  Slag  Lead  and  Lead  Shot 

by  Hypophosphorous  Acid.     Brandt.  Z.  orient.  Chem., 

31,  66-71   (1915). 
Determination  of   Lead   as  Sulfite.     Jamieson.     Am.  J. 

Sci.,  40,  157-60  (1915). 
Method  for  the  Volumetric  Estimation  of  Lead.     Miles. 

J.  Chem.  Soc.,  107,  988-1004  (1915). 
The  Influence  of  Colloids  on  the  Electrolytic  Separation 

of  Lead.     Freundlich  and  Fischer.     Z.  Elektrochem., 

18,  885-91. 
Lead  Determination  in  Oil  Paints.    Stoch.    Farben.  Ztg., 

18,  242. 
Upland  Surface  Water  as  a  Carrier  of  Lead.     English. 

Dublin  J.  Med.  Sci.,  Ser.  3,  p.  192 ;  Wasser  u.  Abwas- 

ser,  6,  337. 
Detection  and  Colorimetric  Estimation  of  Lead,  Copper 

and  Zinc  in  Tap  Water.     Winkler.     Z.  angew.  Chem., 

26,  38-44. 
Toxological  Detection  and  Determination  of  Lead  in  a 

Fatal   Case   of    Saturnine.  Encephalopathy.      Fancier. 

Bull.  sci.  pharmacolog.,  20,  261-3. 
The  Estimation  of   Small  Quantities  of  Lead.     Elsden 

and  Stansfield.     Proc.  Chem.  Soc.,  29,  173 ;  J.  Chem. 

Soc.,  103,  1039-42. 

Oxidation  of  Gallic  Acid  and  of  Tannin  by  Air  in 
Presence  of  Alkalis.  A  Color  Reaction  of  Lead. 
Schevket.  Biochem.  Z.,  54,  277-81. 

Report  of  the  Assay  Subcommittee  of  the  Australian 
Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  (Broken  Hill  Mine 
Branch).  Henderson.  Proc.  Australian  Inst.  Mining 
Eng.,  1913,  195-241. 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  73 

Detection  and  Determination  of  Lead  in  Organic 
Material.  With  Some  Remarks  Concerning  the  Sep- 
aration of  Lead  Sulphate  and  Calcium  Sulphate  by 
Means  of  Ammonium  Acetate.  Erlenmeyer.  Biochem. 
Z.,  56,  330-40. 

Simple  Reaction  for  Lead.  Ivanov.  Chem.  Ztg.,  38, 
450. 

Rapid  Determination  of  Antimony  and  Arsenic  in  Anti- 
monial  Lead  and  Antifriction  Alloys.  Bertiaux.  Ann. 
chim.  anal.,  19,  49-51. 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Defecation  Liquids  from 
Molasses.  Pellet.  Ann.  chim.  anal.,  18,  475-6. 

Volumetric    Method    for    the    Determination    of    Lead. 

Alder  and  Coolbaugh.    J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  6,  398-400. 
The   Sensitiveness  of   Some  Lead  Reagents.     Eegriwe. 

Z.  anal.  Chem.,  53,  420-6. 

Destruction  of  Organic  Material  by  the  Fresenius-Babo 
Method  after  a  Preliminary  Treatment  with  Antifor- 
min  and  the  Estimation  of  Traces  of  Lead  in  the 
Tissues  Treated  by  this  Method.  Friedmann.  Z.  phy- 
siol.  Chem.,  92,  46-52. 

Studies  on  the  Chemical  Analysis  of  the  Higher  Lead 

Oxides.     II.   Commonly  Used,   Convenient   Methods. 

Milbauer  and  Pivnicka.     Z.  anal.   Chem.,   53,   569-81 

(1914). 
The  Test  for  Arsenic  and  Lead  in  the  Official  Bismuth 

Preparations    with    Particular    Consideration    of    the 

Subnitrate.      Enz.     Siidd.      Apoth.    Ztg.,    54,    470-1 

(1914). 
The  Standardization  of  a  Method  for  the  Detection  of 

Lead  in  Urine.     Parkinson.     Ohio  Monthlv  Bull.,  4, 

1400-7  (1914). 


74  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Electrolytic  Analysis  of  Alloys  Containing  Large 
Amounts  of  Lead,  White  Bearing  Metal,  Type  Metal 
and  Brazing  Solders.  Compagno.  Rome.  Ann.  chim. 
applicata,  3,  164-8  (1915);  cf.  C.  A.,  8,  642;  Chem. 
Abst,  Vol.  9,  No.  12,  p.  1589. 

Determination  of  the  Deposition  of  Lead  and  Arsenic 
on  the  Soil  in  the  Selby  Smoke  Zone  (Solano  County, 
Cal.).  Wells  and  Brandt.  Bur.  Mines,  Bull.  98, 
18H5  (1915). 

Detection  and  Determination  of  Lead  in  the  Organism. 
Fauconnier.  Bull.  soc.  pharm.  Bordeaux,  July,  1914; 
Ann.  chim.  anal.,  20,  126-7  (1915)  ;  T-  Soc.  Chem.  Ind., 
34,  1032  (1915). 

Demonstration  of  Lead  in  Gun-shot  Wounds.  Demeter. 
Vierteljahr.  ger.  Med.,  50,  174-92  (1915);  Chem. 
Zentr.,  1915,  II,  1263. 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Tubadium  Bronze.  Williams. 
Chem.  News,  112,  175-6  (1915). 

Electrolytic  Assay  of  Lead.  Lewis.  Metal  Ind.,  13, 
463  (1915). 

Colorimetric  Method  for  the  Determination  of  Copper 
and  Iron  in  Pig  Lead,  Lead  Oxides,  and  Lead  Car- 
bonate. White.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  7,  1035-6  (1915). 

Determination  of  Arsenic  and  Lead  in  Soil.    Shaw-Free. 

_^  Bur.  Mines,  Bull,  98,  455-6   (1915). 

Solubilities  of  the  Sulphates  of  Barium,  Strontium,  Cal- 
cium and  Lead  in  Ammonium  acetate  solutions  at  25° 
;  and  a  Criticism  of  the  Present  Method  for  the  Separa- 
tion of  These  Substances  by  Means  of  Ammonium 
-Acetate  Solution.  Marden.  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  38, 
310-6  (1916). 

Determination  of  Lead  in  Phosphate  and  Alum  Baking 
Powders.  Seeker-Clayton.  J.  Assoc.  Official  Agr. 
Chem.,  I,  264-6  (1915). 


LEAD  PROPERTIES  75; 

Simple  and  Rapid  Assay  of  Lead.     Torossian.     J.  Ind. 

Eng.  Chem.,  8,  331    (1916). 
Rapid  Electrolytic  Method  for  Total  Lead  and  Zinc  in 

Rubber    Compounds.      Donaldson.      Chem.    Analyst., 

1915,  No.  15,  11-12.' 
Rapid  Method  for  the  Analysis  of  Red  Lead  and  Orange 

Mineral.     Schaeffer.     J.   Ind.  Eng.   Chem.,  8,  237-8 

(1916). 
Methods  of  Rapid  Analysis  for  Lead  Ores,  Concentrates 

and   Mill   Products.     Pringle.     Eng.   Mining  J.,    101, 

650  (1916). 
Determination  of  Lead  as  Sulfite.     Pellet.     Ann.  chim. 

anal.,  21,  114-6  (1916). 
Determination  of  Lead  in  Tinned  Sheet  Metal.     Svend- 

sen.    Tidskrift  Kemi  Farm.    Terapi,  13,  62  (1916). 
Rapid   Analysis   of   White   Bearing  Metals   for  Copper 

and  Lead.    Jackson.    Met.  Chem.  Eng.,  15,  166  (1916). 
The  Physical  Character  of  Precipitated  Lead  Molybdate 

and  Its  Importance  in  the  Estimation  of  Molybdenum 

and  Lead.    Weiser.    J.  Phys.  Chem,  20,  640-62  (1916). 
Volumetric    Method    for    the    Determination    of    Lead. 

Andress.     Chem.   Analyst,   18,   15,   18   (1916). 
Determining  Weight  of  Deposit.     Wilson.     Metal  Ind. 

15,  117-8  (1917);  C.  A.  10,  435,  2675,  11,  320. 
Lead  in  Medicinal  Zinc  Oxide.    LaWall.    Am.  J.  Pharm, 

89,  353-5  (1917). 
Method  for  the  Separation  of  Lead  and  Iron.     Sacher. 

Chem.  Ztg,  41,  245   (1917);  J.  Chem.  Soc,  112,  II, 

272. 
Rapid    Analysis    of    Sublimed    Lead.      Heinz.      Chem. 

Analyst,  20,  24-5  (1917). 
The  Spectroscopic  Determination  of  Small  Amounts  of 

Lead  in  Copper.    Hill  and  Luckey.    Trans.  Am.  Eleo 

tro-chem.  Soc,  32,  191-6  (1917). 


76  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Estimation  of  Lead  as  Phosphate  and  Its  Separation 
From  Antimony.  Vortmann  and  Bader.  Z.  anal. 
Chem.,  56,  577-80;  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  114,  II,  132-3. 

Standard  Method  for  Zinc-Lead  Assay.  Waring.  Min- 
ing Sci.  Press,  117,  193-4  (1918). 

A^olumetric  Estimation  of  Lead  by  Means  of  Ammonium 
Molybdate.  Lindt.  Z.  anal.  Chem.,  57,  71-6  (1918)  ; 
J.  Chem.  Soc.,  114,  II,  242. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  77 


CHAPTER  IV. 

COPPER. 
(Cuprum.) 

The  first  metal  employed  by  man.  Known  for  a  long 
time  previous  to  the  Exodus.  The  metal  in  the  form 
of  bricks  and  rings  was  used  as  a  medium  of  trade  by 
the  Egyptians  and  Babylonians.  Obtained  by  the  Greeks 
and  Romans  from  the  Island  of  Cyprus,  whence  its  name. 
For  this  reason  the  metal  was  considered  especially 
sacred  to  Venus  and  is  designated  in  the  writings  of 
the  alchemists  by  the  symbol  of  this  goddess.  Later  it 
was  known  as  aes  cyprium  and  finally  by  the  name  of 
cuprum.  Ireland  used  the  metal  for  the  means  of  barter 
down  to  the  12th  century  and  it  is  still  in  use  in  the 
interior  of  Africa  for  the  same  purpose. 

Properties,  etc.  Chemical  symbol,  Cit ;  atomic  weight, 
63.57;  bivalent;  sp.  gr.,  native,  8.94;  cast,  8.92;  rolled 
or  hammered,  8.95;  pure  electrolytic,  8.9451 ;  at  1083°C, 
8.402;  melting  point,  1083°C.2;  volatilization  commences, 
960°C.3;  visible  ebullition,  2310°C.4;  boiling  point, 
2100°C.5;  specific  heat  at  about  15°C,  .0866 ;  at  20°- 

*Hampe.  'Greenwood. 

^Pascal  and  Joumiaux.  sFery. 

3Tiede  and  Birnbrtiuer.  'Hofman. 


78  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

100°C,  .0936;  at  about  melting  point,  .1181;  molten, 
.1318;  latent  heat  of  fusion,  43.3  Cal.  (observed2)  ;  heat 
conductivity  (Ag=lQQ),  73.63 ;  electrical  conductivity, 
99.94;  casting  temperature,  1250° C,1;  hardness  (talc—  1), 
2.5-3.05;  tensile  strength  at  ordinary  temperature  (pounds 
per  square  inch),  cast,  24,000;  sheet,  30,000;  hard  drawn, 
60,000;  soft  drawn,  35,500;  bolts,  34,000;  coefficient  of 
linear  expansion  per  degree  C.  (OMOO0),  .00001791 ;  co- 
efficient of  rigidity,6  4.55 X1011.  Bulk  Modulus,6  13.10X 
1011.  Young's  Modulus,6  12.3 XlO11;  for  *°C,  Sm(O  to  t), 
.0939+  .00001778*7;  shrinkage  of  castings  per  foot,  TV  or 
.1875  of  an  inch.  Structure:  Crystals  of  octahedrons 
have  been  found  in  native  copper  and  in  refinery 
products;  cast  and  electrolytic,  granular;  rolled  and 
hammered,  fibrous.  Color,  a  peculiar  yellowish-red, 
beautiful  brilliant  luster  when  polished ;  has  a  slightly 
loathsome  taste,  and  has  a  disagreeable  odor  when 
rubbed ;  luster  destroyed  and  the  metal  becomes  tarnished 
by  exposure  to  the  air;  hard,  tough,  very  malleable  and 
ductile,  the  latter  is  greater  by  increase  of  temperature ; 
very  thin  copper  leaf  has  a  greenish-blue  color  due  to 
transmitted  light ;  can  be  rolled  and  hammered  at  a  low 
red  heat;  the  surface  of  the  molten  metal  exhibits  a 
fine  sea  green  color,  and  flows  readily  when  free  from 
the  suboxide  but  the  flow  is  sluggish  if  the  oxide  is 
present;  not  suited  for  castings  as  it  becomes  honey- 
combed and  internally  crystalline.  This  can  be  avoided 
by  melting  the  metal  under  a  layer  of  charcoal,  lowering 
the  temperature  of  the  molten  metal  before  casting  and 
using  iron  molds  lined  with  bone  ash.  The  addition  of 

*Hofman.  *Mohs. 

zFrazier  and  Richards.  *Kaye  and  Laby-. 

*Scien.  Amer.  ''Frasier  and  Richards. 

*Matthiessen. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  79 

.\%  of  Pb  or  Zn  to  the  molten  metal  overcomes  the 
expansion  and  porous  structure,  but  renders  the  metal 
cold-  and  red-short.  A  small  quantity  of  the  suboxide 
acts  in  the  same  manner;  behaves  like  Ag  on  cooling, 
by  expelling  previously  absorbed  gases;  when  highly 
heated  in  contact  with  air  the  metal  burns  with  a  bril- 
liant green  flame  and  the  filings  are  used  in  pyrotechny ; 
moist  air,  H2S  and  other  corroding  gases  cause  the  sur- 
face to  become  covered  with  carbonate  of  hydrated 
suboxide,  known  as  verdigris,  which  adheres  to  the 
metal  with  great  tenacity  and  protects  it  from  further 
corrosion;  rendered  harder  by  rolling  or  hammering 
and  softened  by  heating  and  quenching  in  water;  the 
color  'of  the  surface  of  the  metal  depends  upon  the 
temperature  of  the  water  in  quenching.  Cold  water  pro- 
duces an  orange-red,  warm  water  a  rose-red  tint.  Com- 
mercial copper  usually  contains  small  quantities  of  As, 
Sb,  Sn,  Pb,  Zn,  Fe  and  S.  The  action  of  certain  metals 
upon  copper  is  said  to  be  as  follows:  The  presence  of 
.05%  of  C  renders  the  metal  red-short.  (Karsten). 
Aluminum  prevents  oxidation  of  the  fluid  metal.  (Tis- 
sier).  Zinc,  tin  and  sulphur  renders  copper  red-short. 
(Erdmann).  Iron  renders  the  metal  hard  and  brittle, 
but -the  best  copper  may  contain  .1  to  .15%.  (Percy). 
Antimony  in  as  small  amounts  as  .001%  renders  the 
metal  unfit  for  the  production  of  brass  plates  and  wire, 
while  As  has  a  similar  action.  The  presence  of  .001% 
Bi  injures  the  quality  of  the  metal,  chiefly  by  lowering 
its  ductility.  (Levol).  Copper  containing  .2  or  .3%  Ni 
is  less  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  brass  than  for 
German  silver,  and  NiO  renders  the  metal  somewhat 
brittle.  (Genth).  Copper  containing  as  high  as  1.82% 
Si  may  be  rolled  and  hammered  when  cold,  but  becomes 
brittle  when  hot.  (Percy).  Phosphorus  increases  the 


80  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

fusibility  and  hardness  of  the  metal.  Copper  containing 
1.5%  P  may  be  rolled,  and  with  a  greater  percentage, 
the  metal  becomes  brittle  when  cold.  (Percy).  Sodium 
has  a  purifying  action  on  copper.  (Tissier).  The  pres- 
ence of  .1  to  .3%  Pb  renders  the  metal  no  longer 'suit- 
able for  fine  brass  plates  and  wire,  but  it  seems  to  in- 
crease its  rolling  qualities.  At  a  temperature  just  below 
its  melting  point,  the  metal  is  very  brittle  and  can  be 
easily  broken  in  a  mortar  into  small  fragments ;  expands 
in  passing  from  the  liquid  to  the  solid  state.  Brass  has 
been  known  from  a  very  remote  period,  and  is  a  very 
important  alloy  of  Cu  and  Zn.  By  the  ancient  or  cala- 
mine  method,  the  alloy  was  produced  by  melting  metallic 
copper  with  zinc  oxide  and  charcoal.  It  is  said  that  it 
is  only  within  the  last  eighty  or  ninety  years,  that  the 
direct  method  has  been  used  by  which  the  alloy  was 
formed  by  the  direct  fusion  of  Cu  and  Zw.1  No  doubt 
the  practice  began  soon  after  Paracelsus  pointed  out 
that  zinc  was  a  metal.  The  term  brass  has  been  applied 
to  all  the  alloys  of  Cu  and  Zn.  It  generally  contains 
on  an  average  about  30-33%  of  Zn.  The  ductility  and 
malleability  of  the  alloy  increases  with  the  per  cent  of 
Cu ;  not  so  readily  oxidized  as  Cu  as  it  is  harder  and 
tougher,  melts  at  a  lower  fusion  point  and  more  fluid 
while  molten.  The  structure  is  solid  and  by  the  addition 
of  from  1  to  2%  Pb  it  can  be  worked  on  a  lathe  and 
the  castings  finished  by  filing.  The  color  of  the  alloy 
is  variable,  depending  upon  the  amount  Cu  present.  By 
adjusting  the  percentage  of  each  metal,  the  color  of  the 
resulting  alloy  range  from  red  with  a  faint  yellow  tint, 
reddish-yellow,  yellowish-red,  full  yellow,  golden-yellow 

*The  first  brass  by  the  direct  fusion  of  Cu  and  Zn  with  or 
without  the  addition  of  calamine,  was  patented  and  made  irt 
1781,  by  James  Emerson  of  England.  (Brannt.) 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  81 

and  finally  to  a  whitish-yellow  as  the  quantity  of  zinc  is 
increased.  The  copper  content  of  Bavarian  bronzes  is 
as  follows :  copper-red,  98.92%  ;  violet,  98.82%  ;  orange, 
95.30%;  deep-yellow,  81.55%;  bright  yellow,  82.34%. 
Muntz's  patent  metal,  an  alloy  of  60  parts  of  Cu  and 
40  of  Zn,  is  forged  into  bolts  and  rolled  into  sheets 
while  red-hot.  The  alloy  is  said  to  vary  from  50%  Zn 
and  63%  of  Cu,  to  39%  Zn  and  50%  Cu.  Aich-metal,  is 
in  reality  malleable  brass  and  consists  of  Cu  60%,  Zn 
38.2%  and  Fe  1.8%.  If  the  molten  brass  is  kept  in 
contact  with  the  air  for  any  length  of  time,  the  calcu- 
lated composition  is  changed  due  to  the  combustion  and 
volatilization  of  the  greater  part  of  the  Zn,  which  ex- 
plains the  variation  in  color  and  analysis  from  that  which 
the  melter  intended  to  obtain  in  the  finished  product. 
Brass  should  contain  only  Cu  and  Zn,  but  the  alloy 
usually  contains  small  quantities  of  Pb,  As,  Sn  and  Fe. 
In  many  cases  the  presence  of  these  metals  are  due 
to  the  reduction  of  impure  ores  of  Cu  and  Zn,  while 
in  others  the  metals  have  been  intentionally  added  to 
change  the  color,  structure,  hardness  and  fusibility. 
Brass  containing  about  28.5%  Zn  shows  the  greatest 
absolute  strength,  but  the  mechanical  treatment  must 
also  be  considered,  as  the  more  it  is  worked  or  manipu- 
lated, the  harder  and  more  brittle  the  alloy  becomes. 
This  is  remedied  by  heating  the  alloy  strongly  and 
quenching  it  quickly  in  water.  The  shrinkage  of  brass 
castings  varies  from  5/32  to  3/16  of  an  inch,  depending 
upon  the  percentage  of  Cu  and  Zn  present  and  the 
fusion  point  is  also  variable  due  to  the  differenc  in  the 
melting  point  of  the  two  constituent  metals.  The  fusing 
point  is  rendered  lower  and  the  structure  more  dense, 
by  the  slight  addition  of  Sn.  Copper  and  zinc  when 
melted  together,  unite  in  all  proportions  and  usually 


82  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

combine  with  the  evolution  of  heat.  Copper  alloys 
readily  with  Au,  Ag,  Sn,  Sb,  Hg,  Cd,  Zn,  Ni,  Co, 
Al,  Mn,  Mg  and  slightly  with  Mo,  W,  Cr,  Fe,  if  the 
metal  is  pure.  The  meta]  readily  absorbs  and  alloys 
easily  with  Cu2O  and  Cu2S.  Copper  forms  the  base  of 
many  of  the  following  bronzes :  ajax  plastic,  medal  and 
coin,  gold,  ship-sheathing,  machine,  trolley-wheel,  specu- 
lum, turbadium,  U.  S.  Naval,  Fontaine-moreau,  hydrau- 
lic, Morin's,  Tobin,  phosphor,  phosphor-copper,  phos- 
phortin,  phosphor-lead,  phosphor-aluminium,  aluminium, 
silicon-manganese,  cupro-manganese,  copper-lead,  copper- 
iron,  copper-steel  (5  to  20%  Cu),  copper- tungsten, 
,copper-cobalt,  copper-magnesium,  Chinese,  Japanese, 
.Peruvian  and  Turkish.  There  are  also  many  other  alloys 
X>f  Cu,  which  are  fully  described  in  the  many  excellent 
,works  which  treat  extensively  on  the  subject  of  alloys.1 
.Commercial  CuSO^.S  H2O  is  generally  used  as  a  base 
for  copper  pigments.  The  following  represent  some  of 
;the  most  important  colors.  Brunswick-green,  CuCOs-\- 
Cu(HO)2.  Schweinfurt's-green  or  emerald-green,  also 
known  as  Paris-green,  is  an  aceto-arsenite  of  copper, 
(CuOAs2Os)s  Cu(C2H302)2.  Scheele's-green  or  mineral- 
green  and  blue,  is  a  copper  arsenite,  CuHAsOz.  Wall 
.paper  colored  with  the  above  arsenites  is  considered 
.dangerous,  due  to  arsenic  poisoning.  Such  papers  are 
said  to  give  off  arsenical  vapors  or  dust,  which  dis- 
seminate through  the  air  and  is  absorbed  by  the  lungs 
and  skin.  Both  of  these  compounds  are  also  used  for 
anti-insect  powders.  Mitis' -green  is  an  arseniate  of 
copper.  Casselman's-green,  free  from  As,  consists  of 
basic  acetates  of  copper  combined  with  more  or  less 
water.  This  pigment  is  said  to  have  also  the  formula 
of  C«5"O4+3  Cu  (HO)  ,+4  H2O  due  to  a  different 
1Brannt,  Hiorns,  Buchanan,  Sexton,  Gulliver,  Parry,  Law. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  83 

method  in  its  manufacture.  Lime-blue,  a  mixture  of 
lime  with  a  weak  solution  of  Cu(NOz)2  so  that  the  lime 
is  saturated.  Oil-blue  is  essentially  CuS.  Verdigris  is 
a  basic  hydrated  copper  acetate.  The  blue  variety 
has  approximately  the  composition  of  (C2HzO2)2Cu, 
Cu(HO)2+5  H2O  •  and  the  green  variety  2 
Cu(C2HzO2)2+Cu(HO)2.  The  salt  contains  a  variable 
proportion  of  bibasic  and  tribasic  copper  acetates. 
Verdigris  forms  the  base  of  green-inks,  green-oils,  green 
stains  and  glazes.  The  green  rust  of  copper  is  CuC03, 
and  should  not  be  confounded  with  true  verdigris. 
Vienna-green,  is  a  mixture  of  As2Oz  and  verdigris. 
Bremen-blue  or  Bremen-green  is  essentially  hydrated 
oxide  of  copper.  Brighton-green,  CuSO^-\-Pb(C2HzO2)2 
-\-CaC  Oz,  Blue-verditer  is  Cu(NOz)2  mixed  with 
CaCOz.  Bice-blue,  native  CuCOs.  Copper-blue,  a  mix- 
ture of  CuCOz  and  CaCOz.  Egyptian-blue  is  formed 
by  heating  SiO2,  CaO,  CuO  and  Na20,  at  a  temperature 
not  exceeding  800° F.  The  resulting  product  is  then 
ground.  There  are  four  oxides  of  copper,  viz.,  copper 
tetrantoxide,  Cu4O,  olive  green  powder  which  rapidly 
absorbs  oxygen  when  exposed  to  the  air.  Copper  hemi- 
oxide,  cuprous  oxide  or  suboxide,  Cu2O,  red.  Formed 
by  heating  metallic  Cu  and  is  found  native  in  octahedral 
crystals,  occurs  as  cuprite  or  red  copper  ore.  This  oxide 
is  used  to  produce  copper  glass  of  a  fine  ruby  color. 
Cuprous  hydroxide,  Cti9Oz(HO)2,  bright  yellow,  absorbs 
oxygen  when  exposed  to  the  air  and  becomes  blue.  The 
hydroxide  is  soluble  in  NH4HO  forming  a  colorless 
solution,  which  when  exposed  to  the  air  becomes  a  dark 
blue  color.  Cupric  oxide,  monoxide  or  protoxide,  C:iO, 
black.  Occurs  as  melacnite  or  black  oxide  of  copper. 
Formed  by  the  gentle  ignition  of  hydroxide,  carbonate 


84    .  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

or  nitrate  and  is  quite  soluble  in  acids  and  is  the  base 
of  all  green  or  blue  salts  of  copper.  Cuprous  oxide 
when  ignited  in  contact  with  the  air  changes  to  CuO. 
This  oxide  is  used  to  color  glass  a  fine  green.  Cupric 
hydroxide,  Cu(HO)2,  light  blue.  Soluble  in  NH4HO 
forming  a  blue  solution.  CuO  and  Cu(HO)2  are  both 
soluble  in  HNOZ,  HCl  and  H2SO±.  Copper  dioxide, 
CuO2.H2O,  yellowish-brown  powder  which  decomposes 
readily  into  CuO  and  oxygen.  Pure  copper  is  extensively 
used  for  submarine  telegraphs  as  it  is,  with  the  exception 
of  Ag,  the,  best  conductor  of  electricity.  The  commercial 
metal  is  largely  used  for  a  great  variety  of  purposes 
.both  technical  and  domestic.  Especially  valuable  in  the 
manufacture  of  tubular  boilers,  vacuum  pans  for  sugar 
works,  brewery,  distillery  and  many  kitchen  utensils, 
Ship-sheathing  and  electrical  apparatus.  The  prehistoric 
copper  miners  of  Lake  Superior  used  the  metal  exclu- 
sively for  hammers,  chisels,  arrow-points,  spear  heads, 
knives,  needles,  axes  and  fish-hooks,  long  before  methods 
for  the  smelting  and  the  extraction  of  iron  were  known. 
Permanent  magnets  have  been  made  from  nearly  pure 
copper  by  first  heating  the  metal  to  redness,  plunging  in 
cold  water  and  then  magnetizing  in  a  field  of  over 
3000  c.  g.  s.  units.  The  metal  retains  permanent  mag- 
netism amounting  to  .14  c.g.s.  Magnetism  not  due  to 
.the  presence  of  iron.  Bosh-cooled  copper  pig  is  said 
.to  contain  occluded  moisture  which  is  difficult,  if  not 
impossible  to  drive  off  under  about  240°  F.  A  piece  of 
copper  alloy  taken  from  a  ship's  keel,  contained  orig- 
inally, 45-55%  Cu,  40-45%  Zn  and  about  1%  of  each 
of  Pb,  Mn  and  Fe.  After  being  exposed  to  the  action 
,of  salt  water  was  found  to  contain  52.7%  Cu,  41.1% 
Cu20,  1.44%  H20,  2.75%  Pb,  Zn  and  Fe  salts  and 
2.05%  of  insoluble  material.  The  Zn  had  practically 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  85 

disappeared.  The  corrosion  of  Cu  by  salt  water,  usually 
produces  a  scale  of  Cu2O.  Copper  for  casting  should 
contain  about  99.9%,  and  the  brand  also  known.  The 
greater  the  purity,  the  greater  the  electrical  conductivity. 
With  .03-.80%  As  present,  relative  conductivity  is 
lowered  from  100  to  40.  The  cold-drawing  of  copper 
increases  its  tensile  strength  and  reduces  elongation. 
A  black  coating  on  copper  is  obtained  by  moving  the 
objects  about  in  a  5%  bath  of  NaOH,  to  which  1%  of 
powdered  K2(SO^)2  has  been  added.  Other  metals  are 
first  Cu  plated  before  treatment.  The  time  required  for 
pure  Cu  is  about  five  minutes  and  for  alloys  about  five 
to  ten  minutes.  According  to  Meunier,  when  electrolytic 
copper  is  heated  until  it  is  glowing  and  then  plunged 
into  the  interior  of  the  burner  flame,  the  metal  continues 
to  glow  and  at  the  same  time  colors  the  flame  green, 
showing  that  combustion  is  taking  place  without  flame. 
It  is  said  that  the  color  of  the  flame  is  due  to  the 
volatilization  of  amorphous  Cu  which  binds  the  crystals 
of  the  metal  together.  Repeated  melting  of  copper  shows 
after  each  melting,  a  distinctly  inferior  quality,  which  is 
clearly  shown  by  the  testing  machine.  Oxidation  and 
absorption  of  S  causes  the  inferiority.  By  the  intro- 
duction of  small  quantities  of  CuO  to  molten  glasses 
rich  in  alkali  and  either  CaO  or  PbO,  blue  colors  are 
obtained.  Weintraub  has  succeeded  in  casting  very  pure 
Cu  by  adding  B6O  to  the  molten  metal.  Sound  castings 
of  high  conductivity  are  obtained  from  either  sand  or 
iron  molds.1  Electrical  conductivity  as  high  as  97%  has 
been  obtained.  Archbutt  states  that  copper  fire-box 
plates  containing  .66%  As,  .5%  Sb,  .05%  Bi,  .06%  O 

1A  small  amount  of  Sr  added  to  molten  Cu,  is  said  to  produce 
a  harder  than  ordinary  Cu  casting  free  from  blow  holes.  (Iron 
Age,  May  23,  1918J 


86  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

and  .63%  As,  .03%  Sb,  .07%  Bi,  .09%  O  withstood  hot 
working  and  service.  The  idea  then  is  that  the  supposi- 
tion of  .0001%  Bi  will  change  good  copper  into  the  worst 
conceivable  is  an  error.  In  general,  the  addition  of 
Mn,  Sn  or  P  to  Cu  increases  the  strength  and  hardness 
and  lowers  the  ductility,  electrical  conductivity  and  spe- 
cific gravity.  According  to  Bardwell,  the  following 
which  is  based  on  the  conductivity  curves  of  copper,  the 
zone  of  cold  rolling  lies  at  0°-150°  ;  the  zone  of  relaxa- 
tion at  150°-355° ;  the  zone  of  recuperation  at  355°- 
425°  ;  the  zone  of  complete  annealing  at  425°-600°,  and 
the  bending  zone  at  600°.  Under  the  microscope,  cold 
rolled  Cu  show  slip  bands  indicating  a  strained  condition. 
These  bands  disappear  and  very  small  crystals  are 
formed  after  the  metal  is  annealed  in  the  zone  of  relaxa- 
tion. Large  crystals  are  formed  in  the  zone  of  recupera- 
tion and  the  maximum  of  regular  growth  of  crystals  in 
the  annealing  zone.  Above  this  temperature  the  crystal 
growth  is  rapid  and  with  a  decrease  of  ductility  and  con- 
ductivity. Pionchon  has  shown  that  when  two  Cu  plates 
are  placed  in  water  and  the  circuit  closed  with  a  gal- 
vanometer, a  deflection  is  seen  when  one  of  the  elec- 
trodes is  tapped.  After  repeating  the  test,  the  reaction 
becomes  less  and  less  and  finally  ceases  entirely.  Traces 
of  Cu  have  been  identified  so  minute  that  no  chemical 
reagent  will  detect  it.  To  determine  the  areas  of  Cu 
coatings  of  light  and  heavy  deposits,  Wilson  recommends 
covering  the  object  entirely  with  beeswax,  removing  this 
from  flie  area  in  question  and  the  Cu  determined  in  the 
solution  as  usual.  According  to  Caesar  and  Gerner,  pure 
Cu  begins  to  soften  at  200°,  most  rapidly  between  225° 
and  275°,  and  is  complete  between  300°  and  350°.  The 
cold-worked  condition  persists  up  to  300°  and  the  most 
rapid  softening  near  350°.  For  the  dark-gray  coloring 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  87 

of  Cu,  Groschuff  recommends  dipping  the  Cu  casting 
for  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  in  a  boiling  solution  of  100 
c.  c.  of  water,  containing  12  grams  of  CuSO^.S  H2O 
and  1.5  grams  of  KMnO^.  A  brown  color  is  produced 
by  dipping  the  objects  in  a  boiling  solution  of  12  grams 
of  CuSO^.S  H2O  dissolved  in  100  c.c.  of  water.  Even 
if  scoured  brass  and  glass  beakers  gave  identical  results 
in  the  determination  of  extract  of  malt,  tarnished  brass 
beakers  influenced  the  results  considerably.  According 
to  Ling  and  McLaren,  worts  from  such  beakers  con- 
tained as  high  as  .1  gram  of  Cu  per  gallon.  Traces  of 
Cu  have  been  found  in  filter  paper,  including  analytical 
grades.  The  skin  absorption  of  Cu  by  brass  workers 
has  been  shown  by  the  detection  of  the  metal  in  the 
urine  and  green  sweat  stains  on  the  underclothing  of 
the  workers.  The  action  of  the  Cu  salts,  also  exert  a 
prophylactic  action  with  respect  to  caries  and  oral  sepsis. 
The  use  of  bad  gold  alloy  in  the  mouth  has  caused 
chronic  copper  intoxication.  Hansen  states  that  the 
fumes  of  Cu  from  the  electric  arc  furnace  are  poisonous. 
The  symptoms  were  great  inconvenience  in  breathing, 
and  twenty-four  hours  later,  severe  nausea  and  soreness 
similar  to  that  of  acute  grip.  The  conditions  of  ventila- 
tion during  the  melting  and  pouring  were  the  most 
favorable,  and  should  it  had  been  otherwise  the  results 
would  have  probably  been  very  serious.  According  to 
Graff,  the  books  of  a  reputable  German  firm  has  shown 
for  the  greening  of  preserved  vegetables,  the  following 
weights  of  CnSO±.5H2O  that  has  been  used  on  an 
average,  per  kilo  of  vegetables:  1903,  .90  gram;  1904, 
.71  gram;  1905,  .96  gram.  From  a  number  of  analysis 
of  the  products,  the  CuSO4 .  S  H2O  in  the  drained  vege- 
tables, varies  from  200  to  1377  m.  g.  per  kilogram,  also 
amounts  of  copper  sulphate  smaller  than  215  m.  g.  per 


88  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

kilo  do  not  produce  a  satisfactory  greening  of  the  vege- 
tables. The  medicinal  dose  of  sulphate  of  copper,  as 
a  astringent  or  tonic,  is  .016  gram  gradually  increased; 
as  an  emetic,  .13-.33  gram.  According  to  Liberi-Cus- 
mano-Marsiglia-Zay,  copper  is  constantly  found  in  the 
fruit  of  the  tomato.  The  amount  varies  from  .14  m.  g. 
to  2.10  m.  g.  per  k.  g.  of  juice  and  pulp  and  from  3.8 
m.  g.  to  19.5  m.  g.  per  k.  g.  of  dry  matter.  The  Cu 
contents  of  the  plants  was  not  due  to  spraying  with 
Cu  mixture.  Hart  states  that  pressed  beef  contained 
small  amounts  of  Cu  due  to  the  gelatin  that  was  used 
as  a  garnish.  The  Cu  contents  expressed  in  m.  g.  per 
k.  g.  were:  pressed  beef,  0-34;  gelatin  A,  25;  gelatin  B, 
104;  jelly  preparation,  60;  and  samples  of  gelatin  for 
family  use  contained  0-56.3  m.  g.  of  Cu  per  k.  g. 
Samples  of  canned  spinage  has  been  found  to  contain 
from  128  to  275  m.  g.  of  Cu  per  k.  g.  The  highest 
permissible  limit  of  Cu  is  placed  at  55  m.  g.  per  k.  g. 
Canned  peas  of  French  origin,  from  the  various 
provinces  of  Canada,  contained  in  majority  of  cases  an 
excess  of  Cu  exceeding  Tunnicliffe's  limit  of  l/2  grain 
per  Ib.  or  71  parts  per  million.  Caraccas,  Guayaquil 
and  Bahia  cocoas,  contain  respectively,  .020  g.,  .027  g., 
.034  g.  of  Cu  per  k.  g.  in  the  shell-free  seeds  and  .040  g., 
.014  g.,  and  .035  g.  respectively  in  the  shells.  Sweetened 
chocolates  showed  the  Cu  content  to  be  a  mean  of  .012 
g.  per  k.  g.  Minute  amounts  of  Cu  has  been  found  in 
sample  of  caffeine.  A  sample  of  pomace  brandy  from 
Maconnais,  showed  15  m.  g.  of  Cu  per  liter.  The  green 
color  of  some  oysters  may  not  be  due  to  Cu  but  to  a 
green  pigment,  but  as  high  as  40  m.  g.  of  Cu  has  been 
found  in  the  blue  colored  variety,  while  those  that  were 
uncolored  contained  9  m.  g.  It  is  said  that  a  small 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  89 

amount  of  Cn  salts  in  milk  has  been  found  to  be  highly 
efficient  as  a  preservative. 
Metallurgical  Processes. 

The  methods  that  are  used  for  the  extraction  of 
copper  from  the  various  ores  differ,  and  the  treatment 
must  vary  according  to  the  nature  of  the  ore. 

(1)  Ores  containing  Oxides. 

(2)  Pyritical  ores. 

(3)  Low  grade  ores. 

(4)  Native  copper. 

Oxidized  ores  are  usually  smelted  in  shaft-furnaces 
with  coal  or  coke,  and  fluxed  so  as  to  produce  a  slag 
which  does  not  absorb  copper.  The  cupola  furnace 
(German  process)  is  prefered  for  very  rich  ores,  as  it 
gives  a  quicker  extraction.  The  resulting  product  of 
black  copper  is  then  treated  in  the  reverberatory  furnace. 
A  special  form  of  cupola  furnace  is  employed  for  the 
smelting  of  oxidized  ores  rich  in  iron.  If  fuel  is  cheap, 
rich  ores  may  be  smelted  in  the  reverberatory  furnace 
(English  process).  The  ores  are  often  first  reduced  to 
black  copper  before  treatment  in  the  above  furnace. 

Pyritical  ores  are  first  roasted  or  calcined  and  then 
treated  in  a  crucible,  pit,  cupola,  shaft,  converter,  rever- 
beratory or  a  combined  smelting  in  cupola  and  rever- 
beratory furnaces  with  a  final  product  of  black  copper, 
which  is  then  further  refined  to  partially  remove  the 
impurities.  The  remainder  of  the  latter,  is  nearly  all 
removed  with  the  suboxide  of  copper,  by  a  rapid  melting 
of  the  metal  under  a  layer  of  charcoal. 

Low  grade  ores  are  generally  treated  by  hydrometal- 
lurgical  methods.  The  wet  copper  extraction  process  is 
applied  to  ores  which  are  too  poor  to  admit  being 


90  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

smelted  by  the  dry  process.  The  ores  are  treated  so 
as  to  form  copper  salts  which  are  soluble  in  water  and 
the  copper  is  precipitated  from  the  solution  by  metallic 
iron.  In  some  mines  a  solution  of  copper  sulphate 
occurs  naturally.  The  wet  methods  are  also  applied  to 
roasted  iron  pyrites,  a  by-product  of  the  sulphuric  acid 
works,  which  generally  contains  on  an  average  about 
3%  Cu.  At  the  present  time  the  chloridizing  and  leach- 
ing process  is  applied  to  low  grade  oxidized  ores  con- 
taining An,  and  Ag.  Gravity  and  flotation  methods  are 
much  practiced  for  the  concentration  of  poor  copper 
ores*  The  following  well  known  methods  are  used  for 
treating  low-grade  and  complex  ores.  Sulphidizing  and 
flotation,  Mosher-Ludlow  process  and  the  Slater  process. 

Native  copper  may  contain  Au,  Ag,  As,  Sb,  Pb,  Zn, 
Fe,  Ni,  Co  and  when  free  from  the  precious  metals,  the 
crude  copper  is  treated  in  the  reverberatory  furnace  with 
oxidizing  fusion  and  the  product  further  refined  by 
reducing  fusion.  At  the  present  time  refined  Cu  is  made 
almost  entirely  from  the  crude  metal.  It  is  said  that 
the  production  of  pure  copper  from  the  ores  and  matte 
has  thus  far,  proved  a  failure.  Electrolytic  refining 
methods  are  generally  used  for  crude  copper  containing 
precious  metals.  The  electric  furnace  can  be  used  as 
a  substitute  for  the  combustion  furnace  especially,  where 
the  price  of  fuel  is  high. 
Native  Sources. 

NATIVE  COPPER,  (Cu)  often  containing  Au,  Ag,  some- 
times Bi  or  Hg.  Occurs  in  threads,  wire  and  in  small 
grains  to  several  tons  in  weight.  In  1854,  one  mass  of 
native  copper  (69.28%  Cu)  weighing  about  500  tons  was 
found  in  Minnesota,  U.  S.1  In  Chili,  there  is  known  a 
copper  sand  or  copper  barilli  containing  60  to  80% 

*Crookes  and  Rohrig. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  91 

of  Cu  and  20  to  40%  of  SiO2.  CHALCOPYRITE, 
(CuFeS2)  ;  CHALCOCITE,  (Cu2S) ;  BORNITE,  (Cu5FeSt) ; 
CUPRITE,  (Cw2O)  ;  TETRAHEDRITE,  (Cu8Sb2Sr) ;  MALA- 
CHITE, (Cu2(OH)2COa) ;  CHRYSOCOLLA,  (CuSiO3. 
2H2O);  AZURITE,"  (Cw3(OH)2(C03)2) ;  ENARGITE, 
(Cu3AsS4)-,  Dioptase,  (H2CwSiO4)  ;  Tenorite,  (CuO)  ; 
Chalcanthite,  (Cw5"O4.5  #2O)  ;  Atacamite,  (Cu(OH)Cl. 
Cu(OH)2);  Covellite,  (CuS)  ;  Erubescite,  (Cw.F*?,). 
It  would  be  well  to  mention  other  copper  minerals. 
Trichalcite,  (Cu^OAsO^+5  H)  ;  Thrombolite,  (CuO,  H9 
PO5)  ;  Libethenite,  (CutOPOt+CuOH)  ;  Olivenite, 
(Cu3(AsO5,  PO5)+CuOH);  Conichalcite,  (CuOCaO 
POiAsOsVOsH)-,  Bayldonite,  (  (PbO,  CuO)4AsO*+ 

2  H)  ;  Euchroite,  (CuzOAsO5+CuOH+6  H)  ;  Tagilite, 
(CuJPOi+CuOH+2   H);     Veszelyite,  (4   CuOPO5+ 
5  H)\    Liroconite,   (CuO,  AIOS,  AsO,,  PO5H):    Pseu- 
domalachite,   (C«8OPO5+2  CuOH+H)  ;    Erinite,  (Cu3 
OAsO,+2  CuOH)  ;  Cornwallite,  (Cu,OAsO5+2  CuOH 
+3    H);      Tyrolite,     (CuBOAsO++2    CuOH+7   H}  ; 
Clinoclasite,     (C«3O^jO5+3    CuOH)  ;      Chalcophyllite, 
(C«3/4jOB+5  C»O//+7  H);     A.  Zeunerite,    (CuO,  2 
£7O3^O5+8  //)  ;    Ammiolite,   (HgCuFeSSbO5)  ;    Lin- 
dackerite,  (2  Cu^AsOs+NiO9SO^+7  H)  ;  Cuproscheelite, 
(CuOWOs+2  CaOWOz)  ;     A.    Cuprotungstite,    (CwO, 

3  ^O3)  ;  Volborthite,  (C«O,  VO^H)  ;    A.  Vanadate  of 
Lime  and  Copper,  ((CuO,  CaO)4VO9+aq)  ;  A.  Hydro- 
cyanite,     (CuOSO3)  ;      B.   Dolerophanite,     (Cu2AsO3)  ; 
Domeykite,  (Cu^As)  ;  Algodonite,  (Ctti:r,4j)  ;  Whitneyite, 
(Cu18As)  ;        Eucairite,       ( (CuAg)Se)  ;        Crookesite, 
((CuTlAg)Se)-,     Zorgite,    ((P&Ci«)5^);     Berzelianite, 
(C«5^);       Castillite,     (CuPbFeAgZnS)  ;       Griinauite, 
(OuBiNiFeS);     Stromeyerite,    ((C«X^)5)j     A.  Chal- 
copyrrhotite,     (Cw4CM56)  ;       Cubanite,     ( 


92  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

FeS2)  ;  Barnhardtite,  (2  CuS+FeS+FeS2)  ;  Carrollite, 
(2(CuCo)S+CoS2)  ;  A.  Spathiopyrite,  (CuCoFeAsS)  ; 
Chalcostibite,  (CuS+SbS2)  ;  Emplectite,  (CuS+BiS9)  ; 
Chiviatite,  (2(C«P&)5'+3  BiS3) ;  Binnite,  (3  CuS+ 
Bouraonite,  (3(CuPb}S+SbSa)  ;  Stylotypite, 
;  Wittichenite,  (3  CuS+BiSJ  ; 
A.  Klaprotholite,  (3  CuS+Bi2S6)  ;  Aikinite,  (3(CuPb)S 
+BiSz)  ;  Tennantite,  (4(CwF^)S+^^3)  ;  A.  Julianite, 
(SAsCuSb);  Polybasite,  ( (9(AgCu)S+Sb)AsS3)  ;  A. 
Epigenite,  (CuFeAsS)  ;  B.  Famatinite,  (4(3  Cu2SSSb2 
S5)+3  Cu,SAs,S5)  ;  Clayite,  (SAsSbPbCu)  ;  A.  Nan- 
tokite,  (Cu2Cl)  ;  A. tallingite,  (4  CuH+CuClH}  ;  Percy- 
lite,  (PbCuClOH)  ;  Crednerite,  (Cu*OMn2OB)  ;  E.  Rab- 
dionite,  (Cu,  Fe,  Co,  Mn,  O)  ;  Connellite,  (CuOSO^ 
CuCl)  ;  Vauquelmite,  (Ctt03Cr2O3+P&03Cr2O8)  ;  Pisan- 
ite,  ((F0O,  CwO)SO3+7//)  ;  Chalcanthite,  (CwOk9Oa+ 
5  H)\  A.  Cupromagnesite,  ((CwOM^O)5'O2+7  //)  ; 
Cyanochroite,  ((y2CuO+y2KO)SOa+3  H)  ;  Brochan- 
tite,  (CuOSO9+2y2  CuHO}  ;  Langite,  (CMO5*O3+ 
3  CuOH+H)  ;  Cyanotrichite,  (5O8,  AlOfuO,  H)  ; 
Woodwardite,  (CwO^O.,,  C«OH,  AIO3HS,  6  H)  ;  Auri- 
chalcite,  (CwO,  ZwO,  CO,,  //)  ;  A.  Mysorin,  (CO,,  C«O 
F^O3)  ;  B.  Lime  Malachite,  (CO2,  CwO,  SO2,  CaOF<?03)  ; 
Chlorotile,  (CusAs2Os-\-6  aq}  ;  Cuprocalcite,  ((Cw26)2 
CO0+2CaCO3+//oO)  ;  Chalcomenite,  ( CuSeO.,+2  aq]  ] 
Gerhardtite,  (4  CuO,  Na9O6,  3  H9O)  :  Guejarite, 
(CuS-{-2Sb2Sz)  •  Horsfordite,  (Cu^Sb2)  ;  Hydrocuprite, 
(CuOH2O)',  Lautite,  (Cw^^)  ;  Phillipite,  (C«O51OS+ 
F^0vS'8O1o4-fl^)  ;  Falkenhaynite,  (CufiSb^Sc]  ;  Umangite, 
(C«35^2);  Antlerite,  (3  CuSO4,  7Cu(OH)z). 
Other  Sources: 

Copper  matte,  speiss,  copper  refinery  slag,  alloys  from 
the  smelting  of  other  metals,  residues  and  scrap  metal. 
Mining  Localities: 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  93 

United  States,  England,  Australia,  France,  Canada, 
Chili,  Peru,  Portugal,  Bolivia,  Japan,  Russia,  Hungary, 
Siberia,  Norway,  North  Wales,  Ireland,  Africa,  Cuba, 
Fargo  Islands,  Spain,  Germany,  Islands  of  Timor  and 
Timor-Laout  and  the  adjacent  islands  of  Polynesia. 
References: 

Modern  Electric  Copper  Refining.      Ulke.   (d). 

Practice  of  Copper  Smelting.     Peters,   (a). 

Principles  of  Copper  Smelting.     Peters,   (a). 

Modern  Copper  Smelting.     Peters,   (a). 

Chemistry  and  Metallurgy  of  Copper.     Piggott.   (e). 

Metallurgy  of  Copper.     Hofman.   (b). 

Modern  Copper  Smelting.     Levey.   (/). 

Copper  and  Iron.     Vol.  II.     Crookes-Rohrig.   (&). 

Analysis  of  Copper.     Heath,   (b). 

Copper    Handbook.      Vol.    XL      Weed.    (Houghton, 
Mich.) 

Kupfer.     Borchers.   (Halle:  W.  Knapp.) 

Copper:     From  the  Ore  to  the  Metal.     Pickard.   (z;). 

Zinc.   Cadmium,    Kupfer,   Quechsilber.       Bouchonnet. 

(Paris.) 

Production  of  Copper  in  the   United  States.* 
(Smelter  output,  in  pounds  fine.) 

In  1913.  1,224,484,098:  1914,  1,150,137,192:  1915, 
1.388,009,527:  1916,  1,927,850,548;  1917,  1,890,000.000. 
Commercial  Metals: 

Black  Copper2— Cn,  99.400:  Ag,  .100:  S,  .3140;  Bi, 
.1440 ;  Aitt  .0008.  Black  Copper3— Cu,  99.170 ;  Bi,  .280 ; 
Pb,  .123;  Sn,  Sb,  As,  .002;  S,  .244.  Refined  Copper4— 

''Production  of  Copper  in  the  United  States  in  1916.     Butler. 
U.  S.  Geol.  Survey. 
*Levol. 
'Schwartz. 
^Mining  School  at  Fahlum. 


94  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

CM,  99.460;  Fe,  .011;  Co  and  Ni,  .110;  Sn  and  P&, 
trace;  Ag,  .065;  ^M,  .0015;  S,  .017.  Mansfeld 
Refined5— Cw  (by  difference),  98.37;  Ag,  .02;  M,  .36; 
F>,  .05;  P&,  .60;  O,  .58;  5",  .02.  Mansfield  Refined5— 
CM  (by  difference),  99.48;  Ag,  .02;  Art,  .32;  Fe,  .06; 
Pb,  .12.  Refined  Tough  Copper6— Cw,  99.94;  FV,  trace; 
/40,  .056.  Rosette  Copper7— CM,  98.48 ;  Pb,  trace  ;  Fe, 
.75;  Ni,  .26;  Sfr,  .60.  Converter  Anodes8Cw,  99.1300; 
As,  .1183;  S&,  .0534;  Ni,  .0420;  Co,  .0018;  Bi,  .0038; 
Fe,  .0110;  ^40,  .1371;  Au,  .0008;  S>,  .0090;  Te,  .0170; 
P6,  .0065 ;  Zn,  .0035 ;  5",  .2610.  Electrolytic  Copper— 
CM,  99.89000;  Sb,  .00515;  As,  .00108;  M,  .01000; 
Ag,  .03360 ;  £i,  none. 
Qualitative  Analysis: 
Cupric  Sulphate.  (C«5'O4+5  H2O). 

NH±HO — greenish-blue  precipitate.  Soluble  in  excess 
to  a  clear  blue  solution  of  (N2H9Cu)SO^.  Color  of 
solution  destroyed  by  KCN. 

(NH4)2C03— reaction  similar  to  NH^HO. 

Na2COz — greenish-blue  precipitate  of  CwCOg.Cw 
(HO}2.  Soluble  in  NH4PIO  to  a  dark  blue  solution; 
soluble  in  KCN  forming  a  colorless  solution.  CuCO8. 
Cu(HO)2  changes  on  boiling  to  black  CuO  ;  soluble  in 
NH4HO  forming  a  blue  solution. 

KHO  and  NaHO— light  blue  precipitate  of  Cu(HO)2; 
changes  to  CuO  on  boiling. 

K4FeCyQ — reddish-brown  precipitate  of  Cu2F"eCye ;  in- 
soluble in  HC2H302 ;  decomposed  by  KHO  forming  a 
blue  solution. 

*Dr.  Steinbeck. 
'Genth. 
'Bodemann. 

"Burns.  "The  Great  Falls  Electrolytic  Refinery"  Tran.  A.  I. 
M.  E.,  Aug.,  1913.  - 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  95 

H2S — black  precipitate  of  CuS :  soluble  in  HNO3  and 
KCN;  practically  insoluble  in  hot  Na^S  and  K2S  solu- 
tions. 

Yellow  (NHi)2S  produces  in  cold  slightly  acid  or 
neutral  solutions,  a  deep  orange  precipitate  of  Cu2(NH4)2 
S7;  completely  soluble  in  excess,  reprecipitated  entirely 
as  CuS  when  the  solution  is  boiled  thoroughly. 

Place  a  platinum  crucible  lid  in  small  beaker  containing 
10  or  15  c.  c.  of  the  solution  of  CuSO4,  place  a  little 
granulated  Zn  in  contact  with  the  Pt,  add  a  few  drops 
of  HCl  and  metallic  Cu  will  be  deposited  on  the  Pt. 

Fe  precipitates  Cu,  which  is  readily  shown  on  a  clean 
knife  blade  when  it  is  dipped  into  an  acidulated  solution 
of  Cu. 

Dip  a  platinum  wire  in  the  solution  of  Cu  and  heat 
in  a  non-luminous  flame ;  emerald-green  tint,  add  a  few 
drops  of  HCl  to  the  solution  and  again  moisten  the 
wire  with  the  solution  and  ignite,  azure  blue  ending  with 
an  emerald-green  color. 

Uhlenhuth1  mentions  a  new  reaction  for  Cu.  The 
reagent  is  prepared  by  dissolving  .5  gram  of  1,  2- 
diaminoanthraquinone-3-sulphonic  acid  in  500  c.  c.  of 
water  and  40  c.  c.  NaOH  solution  (d.  1.38).  An  intense 
blue  is  produced  by  the  formation  of  a  complex  salt; 
no  other  metal  produces  the  same  reaction.  The  color 
is  distinct  to  1.9  in  1  million,  extreme  limit  1.9  in  10 
million. 

Quantitative  Analysis: 
KCN  Method.   (Ni  and  Zn  absent.) 

Volumetric  Method. — Place  1  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  600  c.  c.  porcelain  casserole.  Add  10 
c.c.  of  //ArO3(1.42),  heat  gently  until  the  alloy  is 

^Uhlenhuth.    Chem.-Ztg.,  34,  887. 


96  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

thoroughly  decomposed  and  evaporate  to  5  c.  c.  Add 
5  c.c.  of  HCl  (1.20),  boil  five  minutes,  add  25  c.c.  of 
water  and  3  grams  of  C4//006  and  heat  to  dissolve. 
Neutralize  with  NH4HO,  add  10  c.  c.  in  excess  and 
dilute  to  75  c.  c.  with  water.  Cool  and  titrate  with 
standard  KCN  solution. 

Before  titrating,   stand  a  second  casserole  containing 
the  same  volume  of  water  beside  the  one  containing  the 
solution  to  be  titrated.     This  will  serve  as  a  color  com- 
parison at  the  end  point. 
Standard  KCN  Solution. 

Dissolve  35.8  grams  KCN  c.  p.  in  1  liter  of  water 
and  standardize  as  follows  :  Place  the  selected  weight 
of  clean  copper  foil  in  600  c.  c.  casserole  and  dissolve 
in  5  c.  c.  of  HNO^  Add  25  c.  c.  of  water,  neutralize 
with  NH±HO,  add  10  c.  c.  in  excess  and  dilute  to  75 
c.  c.  with  water.  Cool  and  titrate. 


K3NH4Cu2  (  CN) 
2  Cu=7  KCN 
2  Cw=63.57X2=127.14 
7  KCN=65.l  1X7=455.77 
127.14  :  455.77=X  :  35.86.         X=10  grams. 
1000  c.  c.  KCN  V.  S.  containing  35.86         grams.  KCN 

1000  c.  c.  KCN   V.  S.   containing  '35.86  grams   KCN— 
10  grams  Cu.(  theoretical). 

1   c.  c.  KCN  V.  S.  containing  .03586  gram  KCN— 
.01  gram  Cu. 

.0052  gram  Cu. 
1  c.c.  KCN  solution  --  =.003059  gram.  Cu. 

1.70  c.  c.  KCN 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  97 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

.0030591Xl.55c.c.#CA/' 


-X100=:.47%  CM. 


1  gram. 
Mixture  calculation =.50%  Cu. 

A  standard  solution  of  CuSO^S  H2O  can  be  used 
for  standardizing  the  KCN  solution  and  the  weight  of 
Cu  taken  for  titration  can  be  adjusted  to  correspond 
nearly  to  that  of  the  unknown.  This  avoids  error  caused 
by  titrating  a  small  weight  of  Cu  in  the  unknown  and 
using  a  factor  obtained  by  standardizing  with  much 
greater  weight  of  Cu. 

Dissolve  39.28  grams  of  CuSO^S  H2O  c.  p.  in  1000 
c.  c.  of  water  and  mix  thoroughly. 

1  c.  c.  =  .01  gram  Cu  (theoretical)  as 
63.57 :  249.72=X :  .03928.          X=.01. 

Take  25  c.  c.  of  the  solution  with  pipette,  place  in 
250  c.  c.  beaker,  add  2  c.  c.  of  HSO4,  4  c.  c.  of  strong 
HNOZ  and  dilute  with  water  to  150  c.  c.  Connect  plat- 
inum gauze  cathode  and  electrolyze  with  a  current 
ND100=.5  ampere,  2.7  volts  for  fifteen  hours.  When 
the  Cu  is  all  deposited,  which  can  be  readily  seen  by 
testing  1  c.  c.  of  the  solution  with  H2S,  lower  the  beaker 
and  at  same  time  wash  the  cathode  with  distilled  water 
maintaining  the  current  meantime.  Immerse  the  cathode 
in  C2HQO  for  a  few  seconds,  dry  and  weigh. 

.2479  gram  Cu. 

=.009916  gram  Cu. 

25  c.  c. 

1  c.c.  standard  CuSO4+5  H2O  solution=. 0099 16  gram  Cu. 
*Old  solution. 


98  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

After  the  cathode  has  been  washed  with  C2H6O,  do 
not  ignite  and  allow  it  to  burn  as  it  will  cause  a  slight 
oxidation  of  the  Cu  thereby  increasing  the  weight. 

The  KCN  method  will  give  satisfactory  results  with 
all  weights  of  Cu,  providing  that  all  analysis  is  treated 
exactly  in  the  same  manner  and  the  standardization  of 
the  KCN  solution  with  about  the  same  weight  of  Cu 
that  is  present  in  the  unknown.  In  the  standardization 
of  a  KCN  solution,  on  the  same  day  and  in  the 
same  hour,  with  the  same  volume  of  HNO3,  NH4HO 
and  water,  the  Cu  factors  were: 

.0052  gram  Cu. 

( 1 )  1  c.  c.  KCN  sol.= =.003059  grm.  Cu. 

1.70  c.c.  KCN  sol 

.009916  gram  CM. 

(2)  1  c.c.  KCN  sol= =.003251  grm.  Cu. 

3.05  c.  c.  KCN  sol. 

.09916  gram.  Cu. 

(3)  1  c.c.  KCN  sol.= =.003443  grm.  Cu. 

28.80  c.  c.  KCN  sol. 

The  above  results  show  that  the  factors  are  not 
proportional  to  the  weights  of  Cu. 

Dickenson1  has  used  a  dilute  solution  of  ammonical 
copper  nitrate  as  a  second  solution.  Should  the  assay 
be  overrun,  5  c.  c.  of  this  solution  is  run  in  a  flask,  a 
little  NH4HO  is  added  and  the  solution  diluted  with 
water  to  the  same  volume  as  the  assay  and  titrated 
with  the  KCN  solution.  Should  it  take  4  c.  c.  of  the 
KCN  solution,  5  c.  c.  of  the  Cw(ArO3)2  solution  is  added 
to  the  original  assay  and  4  c.  c.  deducted  from  the 
assay  reading  and  the  analysis  finished  as  usual. 

*Eng.  and  Min.  Jour.,  April  25,  1914. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  99 

The  solid  KCN  soon  deteriorates  after  the  container 
is  once  opened  and  the  standard  solution  also  becomes 
gradually  weaker  on  standing,  hence  the  solution  should 
be  standardized  weekly  with  clean  Cu  foil  c.p.,  with 
standard  CuSO4  solution  or  with  a  babbitt  of  known 
Cu  content. 

Gravimetric  Method. — Evaporate  the  nitrate  from 
the  PbSOt  precipitate  to  about  100  c.  c.  (if  Zn  is 
present  add  30%  of  its  volume  of  HCl),  heat  to  boiling 
and  pass  a  rapid  current  of  washed  H2S  through  the 
solution  for  fifteen  minutes.  Filter,  wash  with  H2S 
water  and  reserve  filtrate  and  washings  for  the  deter- 
mination of  Fe  and  Zn.  Place  the  wet  filter  in  a 
weighed  platinum  crucible  and  burn  at  a  gentle  heat  in 
open  crucible,  until  the  filter  is  charred  and  the  5  is 
burned.  Ignite  strongly,  cool  and  weigh  as  impure  CuO. 
Dissolve  the  residue  in  crucible  with  a  little  HCl. 
transfer  with  a  little  water  to  a  small  beaker,  filter  and 
wash  with  hot  water.  Ignite  filter  and  contents,  cool, 
weigh,  subtract  weight  from  the  total  weight  and  mul- 
tiply the  difference  by  .7989  which  will  give  the  weight 
of  Cu. 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

Weight  of   crucible+CwO-h$'tO2=:  19.4961   grams. 

=  19.4930      " 


.0031   gram. 

.0031 X. 7989 

XKKbr.49%  Cu. 


.5  gram. 


100  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The  above  method  will  give  good  results  with  small 
weights  of  CuO. 

If  the  electric  current  is  available,  transfer  the  filtrate 
from  the  PbSO±  to  a  250  c.  r.  beaker  and  evaporate  or 
dilute  to  150  c.c.  Add  4  c.  c.  HNOS  (1.42)  and  elec- 
trolyze  with  a  current  of  ND100=.S  ampere.  2.7  volts 
for  fifteen  hours.  Treat  as  in  the  electrolysis  of  Cu  in 
standard  CuSO4  solution  and  reserve  the  solution  from 
the  Cu  for  Fe  and  Zn  determination. 

Estimation  of  traces  Fe  and  Zn. 

Boil  the  reserved  filtrate  from  the  H2S  precipitate 
(CuS)  until  free  from  H2S,  add  1  or  2  c.  c.  of  HNO3 
and  boil  for  a  few  minutes.  Cool,  render  solution 
strongly  alkaline  with  NH4HO  and  allow  to  stand  on 
hot  plate  about  one  hour.  Filter  on  small  ashless  filter 
(reserve  filtrate  for  Zn)  and  wash  with  hot  water. 
Ignite,  cool  and  weigh  as  Fe2O3.  Multiply  this  weight 
by  .7  which  will  give  the  weight  of  Fe. 


No.  2  Babbitt. 


Crucible+F£203=  19.2450  grams. 
=  19.2434      " 


.0016  gram. 
.0016X.7 

X100=.22%  Fe. 

.5  gram. 

Acidulate  the  filtrate  from  the  Fe2(HO)Q  precipitate 
with  HC2HSO2,  heat  to  about  80° C.  and  saturate  with 
washed  H2S.  Allow  to  settle,  filter  and  wash  with  hot 
H2S  water.  Dry  filter  and  contents,  ignite  carefully  in 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  101 

weighed  porcelain  crucible,  cool  and  weigh  as  ZnO. 
Multiply  this  weight  by  .80336  which  will  give  the 
weight  of  Zn. 

Analysis  of  No.  2  Babbitt. 

Pb 69.37 

Sb 17.85 

Sn 11.91 

Cu 49 

Fe  . ,  .22 


99.84 
Sp.   Gr 9.6309 

The  following  articles  will  be  of  interest  to  the  analyst : 
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Soc.,  May,  1895. 
The  Estimation  of  Sulphur  in  Refined  Copper.     Heath. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1895. 
The  Copper  Assay  by  the   Iodide   Method.      Low.     J. 

Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  May,  1896. 
Improvements    in    the    Colorimetric    Test    for    Copper. 

Heath.     J.  Amer.   Chem.   Soc.,  Jan.,    1897. 
Recalculation  of  Wein's  Table  of  Starch  Equivalent  to 

Copper   Found.    Based   on   the   Factor   0.92.       Krug. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.   Soc.,  June,   1897. 
Volumetric   Method   for  the  Determination  of   Copper. 

Meade.     J.  Amer.   Chem.   Soc.,  Aug.,   1898. 
The  Precipitation  of   Copper  by  Zinc.      Shengle-Smith. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1899. 
Volumetric  Method  for  the  Estimation  of  Copper.    Parr. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Oct.,  1900. 
Determination  of  Copper  by  Aluminum  Foil.     Perkins. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  May,  1902. 


102  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Notes  on  the  Estimation  of  Copper  by  Potassium  Per- 
manganate.   Guess.    J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Aug.,  1902. 
Note  on  the  Determination  of  Copper.     Parr.    J.  Amer. 

Chem.  Soc.,  June,   1902. 
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Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Nov.,  1902. 
The  Cyanide  Assay  for  Copper.     Miller.     Trans.  Am. 

Inst.   Min.   Eng.,   31,   653. 
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Electrolytic   Precipitation  of   Copper.      Richards   and 

Bisbee.     J.  Amer.  Chem.   Soc.,   May,   1904. 
The   Lake    Superior   Fire   Assay    for   Copper.      Heath. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  August,   1902. 
Improvements  in  the  Cyanide  Assay  for  Copper.    Thorn 

Smith.     Eng.  Min.  J.,  76,  581. 
The  Electrolytic  Assay  o'f   Copper   Containing  Arsenic, 

Antimony,  Selenium  and  Tellurium.    Heath.    J.  Amer. 

Chem.  Soc.,  Sept.,   1904. 
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Industry,  Sept.,  1904. 
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The  Determination  of  Copper.     Lloyd.     Eng.   Min.  J., 

59,   1053   (June  1,   1905,   No.  22). 
Volumetric  Methods  for  Copper.     Fernekes  and  Koch. 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  1905. 
The   Determination  of   Small    Quantities   of   Copper   in 

Water.     Phelps.     J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  March,  1906. 
Copper  Salts  in  Irrigating  Waters.     Skinner.     J.  Amer. 

Chem.  Soc.,  March,  1906. 
The   Electrolytic   Assay   of   Lead   and   Copper.     Guess. 

Eng.  Min.  J.,  81,  328  (1906)  ;  also  Trans.  Am.  Inst. 
Min.  Eng.,   Bi-monthly  Bull.,  No.  61,   1905. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  103 

Analysis  of  Alloys  of   Copper.     Wilson.     Chem.   Eng., 

July,  1905. 
lodometric  Determination  of   Copper.     Brown.     Chem. 

Eng.,  Sept.,  1905. 

Estimation  of  Copper.    Smith.     Chem.  Eng.,  Nov.,  1905. 
Determination    of    Copper,    Arsenic    and    Antimony    in 

Lead   Bullion.      Parmelee.     Chem.   Eng.,   June,    1905. 
The    Electrolytic    Precipitation    of     Copper     from    an 

Alkaline    Cynide   Electrolyte.       Flanigen.       J.    Amer. 

Chem.  Soc.,  April,  1907. 
The  Testing  of  Copper  and  its  By-Products  in  American 

Refineries.    Heath.    J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  April,  1907. 
The  Influence  of  Temperature  on  the  Electrolytic  Pre- 
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March,  1908. 
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Wells.     J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  May,   1908. 
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The    Permanganate    Method    for   Determining    Copper. 

Hawley.     Eng.  Min.  J.,  86,  1155. 


104  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Influence  of   Copper   on  the   Titration  of   Iron  by  the 

Zimmermann-Reinhardt    Method.      Schroder.      Z.    of- 

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and  of   Copper,   Chromium  and   Iron   in   Admixture. 

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Volumetric  Estimation  of  Copper  with  Potassium  Iodide. 

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to  Their  Estimation   Volumetrically.     Birch.      Chem. 

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COPPER  PROPERTIES  105 

The  Detection  of  Cadmium  in  the  Presence  of  Copper 

by  Hydrogen  Sulphide.     Wohler.     Ber.,  43,  1194:  cf. 

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and  Smith's  criticism  on  the  author's  method  (ci.  C.  A., 

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Rapid  Method  of  Determining  Copper  in  Mattes.    Wink- 

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of    Cuproferron.      Hanus    and    Soukup.      Z.    anorg. 

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Coffetti.     Gaz.  chim.  ital.,  1909,  39,  I,  137-43. 
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106  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Conditions  Affecting  the   Electrolytic  Determination  of 

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Thiocyanate    Determination    of    Copper.       Tsukakoski. 

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Volumetric  Determination  of  Copper.     Holland.     Mass. 

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A  New  Method  for  Determining  Copper  in  Pyrites  and 

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New  Form  Gauze  Electrodes  for  the  Rapid  Electrolytic 

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Chem.  Eng.,  9,  141-5. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  107 

Analysis  of  Aboriginal  Copper  Objects  from  Mexico  and 

Yucatan.     Fiske.     J.  Amer.   Chem.   Soc.,  33,   1115-6. 
Determination    of    Arsenic    and    Antimony    in    Anode 

Copper.    Kern  and  Ching  Yu  Wen.    Met.  Chem.  Eng., 

9,  365-7. 
The  Determination  of  Gold  and  Silver  in  Black  Copper. 

Nissenson.     Z.  angew.  Chem.,  23,  968. 
Electrolytic     Determination     of     Copper.        Traphagen. 

Chem.  News,  104,  69-70. 
Examination  of  Material  Containing  Copper,  Nickel  and 

Cobalt.     Pedersen.     Metallurgie,  8,  335. 
Colorimetric    Determination    of    Copper    in    Preserves. 

Serger.     Chem.  Ztg.,  35,  935. 
Quantitative   Determination   of   Copper   in   Commercial 

Sulphates    with    Alkaline    Hypophosphites.      Cavazzi. 

Gazz.  chim.  ital.,  41,  II,  374-8. 
Determination  of  Copper — a  Modification  of  the  Iodide 

Method.     Kendall.    J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  33,  1847-52. 
Limits    of    Accuracy    in    Copper    and    Brass    Analysis. 

Lewis.     J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  31,  96-7. 
Sources  of   Error  and  the  Electrolytic  Standardization 

of  the   Conditions  of  the  Iodide   Method  of   Copper 

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19-20. 
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J.,  93,  1071-3. 
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Copper  and  a  Correction  to  the  Electrolytic  Assay  in 

the  Complete  Analysis  of  Copper.     Heath.     J.  Ind. 

Eng.  Chem.,  4,  402-4. 


108  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Rapid  Analysis  of  Copper.  Knight.  Chem.  World,  I, 
65-6. 

lodometric  Copper  Titrations.  Sugiura  and  Kober.  J. 
Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  34,  818-22. 

The  Oxalate  Permanganate  Process  for  the  Determina- 
tion of  Copper,  Associated  with  Cadmium,  Arsenic, 
Iron,  or  Lead.  Ward.  Amer.  J.  Sci.,  33,  423-32. 

Electrolytic  Determination  of  Copper  in  Ores,  Contain- 
ing Arsenic,   Antimony   or   Bismuth.     Demorest.     J.  . 
Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  5,  216. 

Thicyanate-Permanganate  Method  for  Copper  in  Ores. 
Demorest.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  5,  215-6. 

Hydrogen  Peroxide  Method  for  the  Determining  Copper. 
Wood.  Chemist-Analyst,  No.  5,  26. 

Rapid  Fluorine  Iodine  Copper  Analysis.  Mott.  Chemist- 
Analyst,  No.  5,  8. 

Estimation  of  Oxygen  and  Occluded  Gases  in  Copper, 
Etc.  Heath.  I.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  4,  691.  C.  A,  6, 
2378. 

Sampling  Anode  Copper  with  Special  Reference  to 
Silver  Content.  Keller.  Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Mining 
Eng.,  42,  905-8. 

The  Use  of  Tantalum  Electrodes  in  the  Electroanalytical 
Determination  of  Copper  and  Zinc.  Wegellin.  Chem. 
Ztg.,  37,  989. 

The  Quantitative  Determination  of  Copper  by  the  Means 
of  Sodium  Hypophosphite.  Harms.  Z.  anal.  Chem., 
52,  616-8. 

Quantitative  Determination  of  Copper  by  the  Means  of 
Sodium  Hypophosphite.  Windisch.  Z.  anal.  Chem., 
52,  619-28. — A  reply  to  the  preceding. 

Estimation  of  Oxygen  in  Commercial  Copper.  Grant. 
Chemist-Analyst,  7,  19. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  109 

Simultaneous  Determination  of  Copper  and  Lead,  with 

the  Rotating  Anode.    White.    Trans.  Am.  Electrochem. 

Soc.,  24. 
A  Rapid   Method  for  the  Determination  of   Copper  in 

Pyrites    Cinders.      Koelsch.      Oesterr.    Z.    Berg.-Hut- 

tenw.,  61,  457;  Chem.  Ztg.,  37,  753. 
The  Determination  of  Arsenic  and  Antimony  in  Conver- 
ter and  Electrolytic  Copper.     Brownson.     Bull.  Am. 

Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  No.  80,  1489-95. 
Some  Recent  American  Progress  in  the  Assay  of  Copper 

Bullion.     Keller.     Bull.  Am.  Inst.  Mining  Eng.,  No. 

80,  2093-2115. 
Determination   of    Copper   by    Formaldehyde- Sulfurous 

Acid.     Malvezin.     Bull.   soc.  chim.,   13,   721-3. 
Determination  of  Copper  in  Copper  Spraying  Mixtures. 

Malvezin.     Ann.  chim.  anal.,   18,  220. 
Apparatus  of  Franz  Fischer  for  the  Rapid  Electrolytic 

Determination   of    Copper    with    a   Gauze    Electrode. 

Platou.     Chem.  Ztg.,  36,  649. 
Determination    of    Copper    by    the    Volumetric    Iodide 

Method.     Pozzi-Escot.     Ann.  chim.  anal.,   18,  219. 
Electroanalysis  of  the  Copper  Alloys.     Fairchild.     Met. 

Chem.  Eng.,  II,  380-2. 

Electrolytic  Determination  of  Copper  in  Solutions  Con- 
taining Nitric  Acid.     Gilchrist  and  Cumming.     Chem. 

News,  107,  217. 
Electroanalytical  Separation  of  Copper  from  Tungsten 

and  Molybdenum.     Treadwell.     Z.   Elektrochem.,   19, 

219-21. 
The  Determination  of  Copper  in  Cast  Iron  and  Steel. 

Knoppik.     Stahl  u.  Eisen,  32,   1703;  through  Chem. 

Zenir.,  1912,  II,  1788. 


110  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Detection  and  Colorimetric  Estimation  of  Lead,  Copper 

and  Zinc  in  Tap  Water.     Winkler.     Z.  angew.  Chem., 

26,  38-44. 
Some  Delicate  Copper  Reactions.     Detection  of  Copper 

by  the  Means  of  Grape  Sugar.     Schenk.    Apoth.  Ztg., 

28,  137. 
Detection  and  Determination  of  Very  Small  Quantities 

of    Copper    in    Vegetables.      Guerithault.      Bull.    sci. 

pharmacolog.,  18,  633-9. 
Titration   of   Copper   Salts   with   Titanium   Trichloride. 

Moser.     Chem.  Ztg.,  36,  1126-7. 
Electroanalytical    Determination    of    Copper   in    Pyrites. 

Treadwell.    Chem.  Ztg.,  36,  961. 
Rapid    Electroanalytical    Separation    of    Copper    from 

Nickel  and  Zinc.     Kremann.     Monatsh.,   33,    1077-9. 
The  Quantitative  Separation  and  Estimation  of  Copper 

by  Means  of  Hydroxylamine  Hydrochloride.     Bayer. 

Z.  anal.  Chem.,  51,  729-35. 
Quantitative    Determination    of    Copper   in   Commercial 

Copper  Salts  by  Means  of  Alkaline  Hypophosphites. 

Cavazzi.    Bull.  chim.  farm.,  51,  437-9 ;  cf .  C.  A.,  6,  330. 
Air  as  a  Stirring  Agent  in  the  Electrolytic  Determina- 
tion of  Copper.     Travillion.     Chemist-Analyst,  6,  8-9. 
The  Quantitative  Determination  of  Copper  by  Means  of 

Sodium  Hypophosphite.     Windisch.     Z.  anal.   Chem., 

52,   1-13. 
The  Iodide   Method   for  the  Determination  of   Copper. 

Morgan.     Chemist-Analyst,  6,   14-9. 
The  Determination  of  Copper  in  Blast  Furnace  Slags. 

Morgan.     Chemist-Analyst,  6,  19. 
The    Determination     of     Copper    in     Refined     Copper. 

Wilson.     Chemist- Analyst,  20-1. 
Copper  Analysis.     Polk.     Chemist-Analyst,  6,  23. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  111 

Copper  in  Lead  Blast  Furnace  Mats  and  Sulphide  Ores. 

Edwards.     Chemist-Analyst,  6,  24^5. 
The  Detection  of  Traces  of  Copper.     Pritz-Guillaudeu- 

Withrow.     J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  35,  168-73. 
Determination  of  Copper  in  Preserves  by  the  Means  of 

the  Spectrophotometer.    Tassilly.    Bull.  soc.  chim.,  13, 

72-4. 
The   Determination   of    Oxygen   in   Copper   and   Brass. 

West.     Inst.  of  Metals,  August,  1913;  J.  Soc.  Chem. 

Ind.,  32,  913. 
Analysis   of   Copper    Sulfide   Minerals,   Pyrites,    Copper 

Mat,   Etc.     Bertiaux.     Ann.   chim.   anal.,   18,  468-74. 
Rapid  Determination  of  Copper  in  Steel,  Cast  Iron  and 

Alloy  Steels.     Price.     J.   Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  6,   170-1. 
Losses  in  the  Assay  of  Copper  Residues.    Lewis.     Metal 

Ind.,  12,  74-5. 
Electrolytic  Determination  of  Copper.     Cloukey.    J.  Ind. 

Eng.  Chem.,  6,  265-6. 
Qualitative   Detection   of   Copper   in   Cane   Cuttings   in 

Cases  of  Poisoning  with  Bordeaux  Mixture.     Kuhr. 

Arch.  Suikerrind.,  21,  1649-52. 
lodometry  of  Arsenic,  Copper  and  Iron.     Lander  and 

Geake.    Analyst,  39,  116-21. 
Note  on  the   Separation  of  Tin   and   Copper  in   Brass 

Analysis.     Liebschultz.     Chem.   Analyst,   9,    14. 
Colorimetric  Determination  of  Cobalt,  Nickel,  Iron  and 

Copper.     Hiittner.     Z.  anorg.   Chem.,  86,  341-57. 
Rapid  Electrolytic  Separation  of  Copper  from  Arsenic. 

Sieverts  and  Wippelmann.     Z.  anorg.  Chem.,  169-74. 
Analysis  of  Copper  Salts  and  Solutions.     Field.     Metal 

Ind.,  12,  155-6. 
Two  Accurate  Methods  for  the  Determination  of  Lead 

and  Copper  in  Drinking  Water.    Reese  and  Drost.    Z. 

angew.  Chem.,  27,  I,  307-12. 


112  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The  lodate  Method  for  Copper.     Brostrom.     Eng.  Min- 
ing J.,  98,  215-6. 
Rapid   Determination   of   Copper   in  Open   Hearth   and 

Alloy  Steel  or  in  Cast  Iron.     Koepping.     J.  Ind.  Eng. 

Chem.,  6,  696. 
New  Test  for  Copper  on  Woolen  Cloth.     Edge.     J.  Soc. 

Dyers,  Colorists,  30,  188-9. 

Quantitative  Determination  of   Copper  as  Copper   Sul- 
phate.     Murmann.      Oesterr.      Chem.    Ztg.,    17,    96 ; 

Chem.  Zentr.,   1914,  I,  2016. 
Electrolytic  Separation  of  Zinc,  Copper  and  Iron  from 

Arsenic.     Balls  and  McDonnell.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem., 

7,  26-9  (1915). 
Use  of  Hydrofluoric  Acid  in  the  Separation  of  Copper 

and  Lead  from  Tin  and  Antimony  by  Means  of  the 

Electric  Current.     McCay.     J.  Am.  Chem.   Soc.,   36, 

2375-81   (1914). 
Electrolytic  Analysis  of  Copper  and  Brass.    Humphreys. 

J.  Inst.  Metals,  12,  325-6  (1914). 
Rapid   Electrolytic   Methods    for   the   Determination   of 

Copper.     Nakao.     J.   Pharm.   Soc.,  Japan,   1915,   No. 

400,  666. 
The   Detection   and    Determination   of    Copper   in    Tap 

Water.    Winkler.    Z.  angew.  Chem.,  27,  I,  544  (1914). 
New  Volumetric  Determination  of  Copper  in  Its  Salts 

and  Many  of  Its  Alloys.     Zuccari.     Ann.  chim.  appli- 
.cata,  2,  287-90  (1914). 
Copper  in  Babbitt  Metal.    Hagmaier.     Met.  Chem.  Eng., 

12,  753   (1914). 
Determination  of  Copper  in  Steel.    Brown.    J.  Ind.  Eng. 

Chem,  7,  213  (1915). 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  113 

The  Amount  of  Lead,  Copper  and  Zinc  in  Artificial 
Mineral  Waters,  and  the  Determination  of  These 
Metals.  Reese  and  Drost.  Z.  Nahr.-Genussm.,  28, 
427-49  (1914). 

Rapid  Electrolytic  Determination  of  Copper.  Theel. 
Chem.  Ztg.,  39,  179  (1915). 

New  Test  for  Copper.  Lyle-Curtman-Marshall.  J.  Amer. 
Soc.,  37,  1471-81  (1915). 

Solution  Control  in  Ferric  Chloride  Leaching  of  Sulfide 
Copper  Ores.  Flynn  and  Hatchett.  Met.  Chem.  Eng., 
13,  291  (1915). 

A  Method  of  Assaying  Copper.  Eraser.  J.  Soc.  Chem. 
Ind.,  34,  462-4  (1915). 

Determination  of  Gold  in  Blister  Copper.  King.  Min. 
ing  Sci.  Press.,  110,  917  (1915). 

Battery  Assay  of  Copper.  Price.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem., 
7,  546-7  (1915). 

Determination  of  Copper  Sulfate  in  Commercial  Copper 
Vitriol.  Incze.  Z.  anal.  Chem.,  54,  252-5  (1915). 

Reduction  of  Copper  Oxide  in  Alcohol  Vapor  in  Reduc- 
ing Sugar  Determinations  and  Copper  Analysis.  Wed- 
derburn.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  7,  610-1  (1915). 

The  Colorimetric  Determination  of  Copper.  Deniges 
and  Simonot.  Bull.  Soc.  Pharm.,  Bordeaux,  Aug.- 
Dec.,  1915;  Repert  Pharm.,  27,  172-3  (1915). 

Standardization  of  Sodium  Thiosulphate  Solution  for 
Copper  Determination.  Grant.  Chem.  Analyst,  13,  21 
(1915). 

The  Direct  Determination  of  Copper  in  Numerous 
Copper  Ores  Containing  Other  Metals  by  the  Rapid 
Electrolytic  Method.  Nakao.  J.  Pharm.  Soc.,  Japan, 
1915,  No.  402,  919. 

Formaldehyde  Containing  Copper.  Hermann  Kunz- 
Krauss.  Apoth.  Ztg.,  31,  66^7  (1916). 


114  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Rapid  Analysis  of  White  Bearing  Metals  for  Copper 
and  Lead.  Jackson.  Met.  Chem.  Eng.,  15,  166  (1916). 

Determination  of  Copper  in  Low-Grade  Ores  and  Slags. 
Hawley.  Eng.  Mining  J.,  102,  307-8  (1916). 

Electroanalytical  Method  for  the  Determination  and 
Separation  of  the  Metals  of  the  Copper-Tin  Group. 
Schoch  and  Brown.  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  38,  1660-81 
(1916). 

A  Bottle  for  the  lodometric  Titration  of  Copper.  Neal. 
J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  38,  1308-9  (1916). 

Method  for  Estimating  Phosphorus,  Arsenic  and  Anti- 
mony in  Commercial  Copper.  Grant.  Chem.  Analyst, 
17,  12-3  (1916). 

Color  Standards  and  Colorimetric  Assays.  Arny  and 
Ring.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  8,  309-17  (1916). 

Rapid  Method  for  the  Estimation  of  Copper  and  Iron. 
Edgar.  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  38,  884-7  (1916). 

Electroanalysis  of  Copper  Without  Platinum  Electrodes. 
Carrancio  and  Ulzurrum.  Anales  soc.  espan.  fis.  quim., 
13,  289-93  (1915). 

Drilling  and  Analysis  of  Copper  Ores.  Sale.  Eng. 
Mining  J.,  102,  87-90  (1916). 

A  Colorimetric  Method  for  the  Determination  of  Copper 
and  Iron  in  Pig  Lead,  Lead  Oxides,  and  Lead  Car- 
bonate. White.  J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  7,  1035-6  (1915). 

Comparison  of  Methods  for  the  Estimation  of  Copper 
in  Commercial  Copper  Sulfate  (containing  iron). 
Wissell  and  Kiispert.  Landw.  Vers.-Stat,  86,  277-86 
(1915). 

The  Electrolytic  Determination  of  Copper  in  Copper- 
Manganese.  Koepping.  Met.  Chem.  Eng.,  14,  441-2 
(1916). 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  115 

Some  Sources  of  Error  in  the  lodometric  Determination 

of   Copper.      Smith.     Met.    Chem.   Eng.,    14,    379-80 

(1916). 
Rapid   Method   of    Separation   of    Copper    from   Other 

Metals.    Appelbaney.    Chem.  Analyst,  15,  18  (1915). 
Electroanalysis  of  Copper  Without  Platinum  Electrodes. 

II,  Carrancio  and   Batuecas.     Anales  soc.  fis.   quim., 

14,  38-47  (1916). 
Copper  Cathode  and  Iron  Anode  in  the  Electroanalysis 

of  Brass.    Carrancio  and  Ladreda.    Anales  soc.  espan. 

fis.  quim.,  13,  308-15   (1915). 
Assaying  Gold  in  Copper  Mat.    Chase,  Jr.    Eng.  Mining 

J.,  102,  1130  (1916). 

The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Sampling  Metallic  Metal- 
lurgical Materials  (with  special  reference  to  the  sam- 
pling of  copper  bullion).  Keller.  Bur.  Mines,  Bull., 

122,  105  pp.  (1916). 
Colorimetric    Methods    for    Copper    Present    in    Small 

Quantities.   Heath.   Mining  Sci.  Press,  114,  624  (1917). 
Determination  of  Arsenic  in  Copper.     Perkins.     Chem. 

Analyst,  19,  8-9  (1916). 
Electrolytic   Analysis   with   Small   Platinum   Electrodes. 

Gooch  and  Kobayashi.    Am.  J.  Sci.,  43,  391-6  (1917). 
Electroanalysis  Using  Silvered  Glass  Basins  in  Place  of 

Platinum  Cathodes.    Gewecke.    Chem.  Ztg.,  41,  297-8 

(1917). 
The  Hydrogen  Peroxide  Reaction  for  Copper  and  the 

Hydrolytic  State  of  Dilute  Copper  Sulfate  Solutions. 

Mayer   and   Schramm.     Z.  analy.   Chem.,   56,    129-38 

(1917). 
Rapid   Method   for   Copper  in   Ores.     Nyman.     Chem. 

Analyst,  21,  8  (1917). 
Progress  of  Work  on  Boronized   Copper.     Weintraub. 

Brass  World,  8,  355-6. 


116  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy  of  Copper  in  Japan.     Kondo.     Trans.  Intern. 

Eng.  Congress,  1915. 
Copper  Smelting  in  Japan.     Eissler.     Trans.  Am.  Inst. 

Mining  Eng.,  51,  700-42  (1915). 
Manganese    Bronze.      An    Historical    Sketch.       Jones. 

Metal  Ind.,  10,  5-6. 
Separation  of  Nickel  and  Copper  by  Means  of  Dimethyl- 

glyoxime.       Grossmann   and   Mannheim.      Z.   angew. 

Chem.,  30,  I,  159-60  (1917);  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  112,  II, 

512. 

Analysis  of  Copper.  Woodcock.    Analyst,  43,  88  (1918). 
The  Estimation  of  Copper  as  Sulphide  and  by  Electroly- 
sis. .   Hahn.      Z.    anorg.    allgem.    Chem.,    99,    201-48 
^  (1917). 
Sulfur    Dioxide    Method    for    Determining    Copper    in 

Partly  Oxidized  Ores.     Barneveld  and  Leaver.     Met. 

Chem.  Eng.,  18,  203-6  (1918);  Eng.  Mining  J.,  105, 
^  552-5   (1918). 
Sulfur  and  Copper  Oxide  Determination.     Maier.     Eng. 

Mining  J.,  105,  372-3  (1918). 
Copper    Dicyanodiamidine    and    Its    Use    in    Analytical 

Chemistry.     Grossmann  and  Mannheim.     Chem.  Ztg., 

42,  17-9  (1918). 
The  Determination  of  Copper  in  Insecticides.     lamieson. 

Chem.  Met.  Eng.,  19,  185  (1918). 
Copper;  Anon.  Bureau  of  Standards.     Circular  73,  103 

pp.,  5  pi. 
Estimation  of  Oxygen  in  Copper.    Oberhoffer.     Metal  u. 

Erz.,  15,  33-5  (1918)  ;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  376A. 
A  New  Method  of  Determining  Copper.    Moir.   J.  Chem. 

Met.  Mining  Soc.,  S.  Africa,  18/270-1   (1918). 
Estimation  of  Copper  Oxide  After  Previous  Precipita- 
tion as  Thicynate.     Fenner  and  Forschmann.     Chem. 

Ztg.,  42,  205-6  (1918);  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  114,  II,  242. 


COPPER  PROPERTIES  117 

A  New  Method  for  the  Separation  of  the  Copper  Group 

From  the  Arsenic  Group,  with  Especial  Reference  to 

the  Identification  of  Arsenic.     Sneed.     J.  Am.  Chem. 

Soc.,  40,  187-92  (1918). 
Determining  Copper  Minerals  in  Ores.     Van  Arsdale. 

Eng.  Mining  J.,  105,  645-6  (1918). 
Determination  of  Chlorine  in  Cement  Copper.     Binder. 

Chem.  Ztg.,  42,  14  (1918). 
lodometric  Estimation  of  Copper  and  Iron.    Ley.    Chem. 

Ztg.,  41,  763  (1917);  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  114,  II,  21. 
Note  on  the  Titration  of  Copper  with  Cyanide.     Appel- 

bey  and  Lane.     Analyst,  43,  268  (1918). 
Determining  Copper  Minerals  in  Partly  Oxidized  Ores. 

Gremer.     Met.  Chem.  Eng.,   18,  644-6   (1918). 
Iodide  Copper  Method  with  Sodium  Fluoride.     Reese. 

Eng.  Mining  J.,  105,  1170-1   (1918). 
lodometric  Determination  of  Copper  and  Iron.    Anonsen. 

Tidskrift  Kern.  Farm.  Terapi.,  14,  246-7  (1917). 
Determination  of  Molybdenum  in  the  Presence  of  Cop- 
per.     Hoepfner   and    Binder.      Chem.    Ztg.,   42,    315 

(1918)  ;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  488A. 
Determination    of    Copper    by    Potassium    Thiocyanate. 

Potassium  Iodide,  and  Thiosulfate.     Bruhns.     Chem. 

Ztg.,  42,  301-2  (1918) ;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  445A. 
The  Analysis   of   Copper  in   the   Presence  of  Organic 

Material.     Smith.    Chem.  Analyst,  25,  23-4  (1918). 


118  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

CHAPTER  V. 
MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS. 

According  to  Buchanan1  the  addition  of  a  small 
amount  of  bismuth  to  babbitt,  increases  the  anti-frictional 
properties  of  the  alloy.  The  author  has  added  .10% 
of  bismuth  to  No.  1  Babbitt  and  the  resulting  alloy,  has 
always  been  of  a  fine,  close,  even  grain  with  remarkable 
wearing  qualities. 

Determination  of  Bismuth. 

Gravimetric  Method. — Place  1  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  a  400  c  .c.  beaker,  add  15  c.  c.  of  HCl 
and  heat  to  dissolve.  When  action  ceases,  add  a  few 
drops  of  HNOZ  and  boil  gently  until  solution  is  com- 
plete. Add  40  c.  c.  of  water,  4  grams  of  C4H6O6  and 
heat  to  dissolve.  Render  solution  strongly  alkaline  with 
NaHO  solution  and  heat  nearly  to  boiling.  Add  5  grams 
of  Na2S  (dissolved  in  50  c.  c.  of  water),  heat  gently 
until  the  precipitate  has  settled,  filter  and  wash  precipi- 
tate thoroughly  with  \%  Na2S  solution.  Wash  the 
precipitate  from  the  filter  into  original  beaker  with  a 
little  water,  add  HNOZ  and  place  beaker  on  hot  plate. 
Place  filter  in  small  beaker,  cover  with  20%  HNOS  and 
boil  gently  until  the  paper  is  free  from  the  precipitate 
and  filter  solution  into  main  filtrate.  Add  sufficient 
HNO3  to  dissolve  the  remaining  precipitate  and  evap- 

*Brassfounders'  Alloys. 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  119 

orate  the  solution  until  yellow  S  appears,  filter  the  solu- 
tion into  a  800  c.  c.  beaker  and  wash  the  filter  with  hot 
.water.  Dilute  to  400  c.  c.  with  water,  place  a  small 
piece  of  litmus  paper  in  the  beaker,  add  NH±HO  until 
the  acid  is  almost  neutralized  and  finish  with  NH4HO 
1 :3  until  the  solution  is  slightly  cloudy  and  alkaline. 
Add  1  c.c.  of  HCl  (1:3),  dilute  solution  to  700  c.  c. 
with  water  and  allow  to  stand  over  night  on  warm  plate. 
Filter,  wash  twice  with  hot  water,  dissolve  precipitate 
on  the  filter  with  hot  HNO3  (1 :4),  and  wash  filter  with 
hot  water,  allowing  the  solution  and  wash  water  to  run 
into  a  400  c.  c.  beaker.  Neutralize  as  before  with 
NH4HO,  add  1  c.c.  of  HCl  (1:3)  and  allow  to  stand 
two  hours  at  a  gentle  heat.  Filter  on  weighed  filter  and 
wash  thoroughly  with  hot  water.  Dry  filter  and  con- 
tents in  air  bath  at  100°  C.,  for  one  hour  and  weigh  as 
BiOCl.  This  weight  multiplied  by  .80166  will  give  the 
weight  of  Bi. 

No.  1  Babbitt. 

Filter-f B*OC7=23.2000  ^rams. 
=23.1987  "  " 

.0013  gram. 

.0013  X. 80166 

X100=.104%  Bi. 

1  gram. 

Mixture  calculation=.10%  Bi. 

Colorimetric  Method. — Place  .5  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  150  c.  c.  beaker,  decompose  with  10  c.  c. 
of  HNO3  (1.42).  Add  30  c.  c.  of  water,  boil,  filter  and 
wash  with  HNO3  (1:3).  Add  NH.HO  and  (NH4)2C03 


120  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

to  filtrate  until  solution  is  alkaline,  stir  thoroughly,  filter 
and  wash  with  dilute  NH4HO.  Dissolve  the  precipitate 
on  the  filter  with  hot  HNO3  (1:3)  and  wash  the  filter 
with  hot  water.  Add  10  c.  c.  of  H2SO4  (1.84)  to  the 
solution  and  evaporate  to  SOS  fumes.  Cool,  dilute  with 
50  c.  c.  of  water  and  boil  ten  minutes  (BiSO^  is  soluble, 
but  not  PbSO±),  filter  into  500  c.  c.  marked  flask,  cool, 
dilute  to  the  mark  and  mix.  Place  100  c.  c.  in  100  c.  c. 
Nessler  jar,  add  5  c.  c.  of  5%  KI  solution  in  water,  mix 
and  titrate  blank  with  standard  solution  of  Bi  until  the 
color  matches  that  of  the  alloy. 
Blank. 

Place   100  c.  c.  of  water  in   100  c.  c.  jar,  add  5  c.  c. 
of  5%  KI  solution  and  10  drops  of  H2SO4  (1.84). 
Standard  Bi  Solution. 

Dissolve  .2  gram  of  pure  Bi  in  dilute  HNOS,  cool, 
add  10  c.c.  of  H2SO4  (1.84),  and  evaporate  to  SO3 
fumes.  Cool,  dissolve  in  water  and  dilute  to  1000  c.  c. 
1  c.  c.=.0002  gram  of  Bi. 

No.  1  Babbitt. 

.0002X.5  c.c. 

-X 100=. 100%  Bi. 
.1  gram. 

The  addition  of  .10%  metallic  magnesium  to  No.  1 
Babbitt  forms  a  beautiful  even  close  grained  compact 
bearing  metal.  Its  wearing  qualities  have  been  carefully 
noted  by  the  metal  mixer,  on  fast  running  motor  bear- 
ings for  over  one  year  and  it  is  said  to  give  wearing 
qualities  far  surpassing  that  of  any  other  alloy  that  has 
been  used  for  the  same  purpose.  As  far  as  it  is  known, 
the  author  has  been  the  first  to  use  metallic  magnesium 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  121 

in  babbitt.     The  alloy  has  not  been  patented  and  all  are 
at  liberty  to  use  it.1 

Determination  of  Magnesium. 

Gravimetric  Method. — Place  1  gram  of  the  finely 
divided  alloy  in  250  c.  c.  beaker,  add  10  c.  c.  of  HNO3 
(1.42),  cover,  and  heat  gently  until  the  fumes  have 
disappeared.  Add  10  c.  c.  of  HCl  ( 1.20),  and  heat  gently 
until  solution  is  complete.  Add  10  c.  c.  of  HCl  (1.20), 
dilute  with  water  to  100  c.  c.,  add  NH±HO  in  excess 
and  30  c.  c.  of  strong  Br  water,  heat  to  boiling,  allow 
to  settle,  filter  into  800  c.  c.  beaker  and  wash  precipitate 
with  hot  water.  Wash  the  precipitate  from  the  filter 
into  the  original  beaker  with  a  little  water,  add  10  c.  c. 
of  HCl  (1.20),  heat  to  dissolve  the  precipitate,  pour  the 
solution  over  the  filter  and  wash  the  filter  with  hot  water. 
Add  30  c.  c.  of  Br  water  to  the  solution,  reprecipitate 
with  NH^HO,  allow  to  settle,  filter  and  wash  with  hot 
water.  Add  filtrate  and  wash  water  to  first  filtrate  and 
for  every  100  c.  c.  of  solution,  add  10  c.  c.  of  HCl  (1.20), 
stir  thoroughly  and  pass  a  current  of  washed  H,S 
through  the  solution  until  it  is  saturated.  Filter,  wash 
precipitate  with  H2S  water,  place  the  filtrate  and  wash 
water  in  porcelain  casserole  and  evaporate  to  dryness. 
Ignite  to  volatilize  the  ammonium  salts  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  ZnCL,  if  present.  Cool,  add  30  c.  c.  of 

*The  metallic  megnesium  that  was  used  for  the  experimental 
work  was  kindly  donated  by  W.  R.  Seigle,  Norton  Laboratories, 
New  York,  N.Y. 

U.  S.f  Patent.  933,  139,  Sept.  7,  1910.  Enrique  A.  Touceda, 
Albany,  N.  Y.  Antifriction  alloy.  Mg  0.1-5%,  Cd  10%  and  Pb 
85-89.9%. 

U.  S.,  Patent.  934,  637,  Sept.  21,  1910.  Enrique  A.  Touceda. 
Albany,  N.  Y.  Antifriction  alloy.  Mg  0.5-5%  and  Cd  95-99.S 
parts,  with  or  without  other  metals. 


122  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

dilute  HCl  (1:10),  heat  to  dissolve  soluble  salts,  render 
slightly  alkaline  with  NH4HO,  filter  into  400  c.  c.  beaker 
and  wash  with  hot  water.  Cool,  add  slowly,  drop  by 
drop,  10  to  15  c.  c.  of  saturated  filtered  solution  of 
Na(NH4)HP04)  stirring  constantly,  add  one-third  of 
its  volume  of  NH^HO  (.90),  and  allow  to  stand  in  the 
cold  overnight.  Filter  on  small  ashless  filter  and  wash 
thoroughly  with  NH^HO  (1:3)  reserving  filtrate  and 
wash  water.  Ignite  precipitate,  cool  and  weigh  as 
impure  Mg2P2O7. 

Crucible+impure  Mg2P207= 19.2325  grams. 

=  19.2280      " 


.0045  gram. 

Add  15  c.  c.  of  water  to  the  crucible  and  10  to  20 
drops  of  HCl,  heat  carefully  to  dissolve  the  soluble  salt, 
filter,  and  wash  with  hot  water.  Ignite,  cool  and  weigh 
as  SiO2.  Subtract  this  weight  from  the  first  weight  and 
reserve  weight  to  combine  with  that  recovered  from  the 
filtrate  and  wash  water. 

Crucible+S*02=  19.2290  grams. 
=  19.2280      " 


.0010  gram.  Si02. 

.0045-.0010=.0035  gram  Mg2P2O7. 
Evaporate  reserved  filtrate  and  wash  water  to  dryness 
in  platinum  dish.  Ignite  carefully  until  the  residue  is 
white,  add  20  c.  c.  of  water  and  15  to  20  drops  of  HCl, 
boil,  filter  into  small  beaker  and  wash  with  hot  water. 
Render  solution  alkaline  with  NH±HO,  add  5  c.  c.  of 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  123 

saturated  filtered  solution  of  Na(NH^)HPO^  stirring 
constantly,  add  one-third  of  its  volume  of  NH^HO  (.90), 
stir  thoroughly  and  allow  to  stand  in  the  cold  over  night. 
Filter,  wash  with  dilute  NH4HO  (.96),  ignite,  cool  and 
weigh  as  Mg2P2O7.  Combine  this  weight  with  the  weight 
previously  found  and  calculate  Mg. 

No.  1  Babbitt. 

Crucible+A/#0P2O7=  19.2286  grams. 
=  19.2279       " 


.0007  gram. 

.0035+ .0007=.0042  gram    Mg,P2O7. 
.0042V. 21847 


X100=.0917%  Mg. 

1  gram. 

Mixture  calculation =.  10%  Mg. 
Qualitative  Analysis  of  Babbitt. 
Sn,  Sb,  Pb,  Cu,  Bi,  Cd,  Fe  and  Zn. 

Place  2-5  grams  of  the  finely  divided  alloy  in  400 
c.  c.  beaker,  add  cautiously  15  to  20  c.  c.  of  HNO3 
(1.42)  and  heat  gently  until  the  alloy  is  decomposed. 
Evaporate  to  dryness,  cool,  add  5  c,  c.  of  HNO3  and 
50  c.  c.  of  water,  boil  five  minutes,  filter  on  double  filter 
and  wash  once  with  hot  water.  The  volume  of  the 
filtrate  and  wash  water  should  be  about  75  c.  c. 
Precipitate. 

Place  a  portion  of  the  precipitate  in  small  beaker,  add 
5  'c.  c.  of  HCl  and  10  c.  c.  of  water,  heat  to  boiling,  add 
a  few  drops  of  HNO3  and  boil  five  minutes.  Add  10 


124  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

c.  c.  of  water  to  the  clear  solution  and  several  small 
bright  iron  nails,  boil  five  minutes,  filter  (reserve  filter 
and  contents)  and  add  HgCl2  to  filtrate;  white  precipi- 
tate=Hg2Cl2=Sn.  as 

SnCl^+Fe=SnCl2+FeCl2  and 
2 


Wash  filter  and  contents  thoroughly  with  hot  water, 
transfer  the  black  precipitate  from  the  filter  to  small 
beaker  with  a  little  water,  add  5-10  c.  c.  of  HCl  and  a 
few  drops  of  HN03,  boil,  dilute  with  water  and  saturate 
solution  with  H0S  ;  orange  precipitate=S^.>S3. 
Filtrate. 

Saturate  with  H2S,  filter,  wash  with  hot  water  (reject 
wash  water,  reserve  precipitate  A)  and  boil  filtrate  free 
from  H2S.  Add  a  few  drops  of  HNO3,  boil,  render 
solution  strongly  alkaline  with  NH4HO  ;  red  precipitate 
=Fe2(HO)«.  Filter,  render  filtrate  acid  with  HC.,HaOs 
and  saturate  solution  with  H2S;  white  precipitate=Zw5\ 

Transfer  reserved  precipitate  (A)  to  small  beaker 
with  a  little  water,  add  5  to  10  c.  c.  of  HNO3  (1.42) 
and  heat  to  dissolve  the  sulphides.  Filter,  add  5  c.  c. 
of  dilute  H2SO4  (1:1)  to  the  filtrate  and  allow  to  settle. 
Filter  (reserve  filtrate  A),  wash  the  white  precipitate 
once  with  hot  water,  place  filter  and  contents  in  original 
beaker,  cover  with  NH4HO  (.90)  and  acidulate  solution 
with  HC2H3O2.  Heat  to  clear  the  solution  and  add 
K2Cr2O7;  yellow  precipitate=PfcCVO4. 

Render  reserved  filtrate  (A)  strongly  alkaline  with 
NHJIO  ;  blue  solution^  C«.  Filter  (precipitate  B=B{ 
and  filtrate  B=Cu  and  Cd),  wash  the  precipitate  free 
from  Cu  and  dissolve  on  the  filter  with  a  little  hot 
dilute  HCl.  Pour  the  solution  into  a  large  volume  of 
water;  white  predpitate=B»C!O. 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  125 

Decolorize  filtrate  (B)  with  KCN  and  saturate  solu- 
tion with  H2S;  yellow  precipitate =CdS. 

Miscellaneous. 

Do  not  use  borings  from  babbitt  for  analysis.  Filings 
taken  properly  and  mixed  thoroughly,  represent  an 
average  sample  from  the  sample  bar.  Many  chemists 
do  not  mention  Fe  that  is  found  in  babbitt  in  trifling 
amounts  and  in  many  cases,  Sn  is  reported  by  difference. 

If  SnO2  and  Sb2O±  in  HNO3.  solution  is  evaporated 
to  dryness,  taken  up  with  HNOS,  diluted  with  water 
and  filtered,  Sb  will  be  found  in  the  filtrate.  Hence 
the  weighing  of  HNO3  residues  for  the  determination 
of  total  Sn02  and  Sb2O±  is  mal-practice  and  the  results 
most  decidedly  worthless. 

The  method  of  separation  of  Sn  and  Sb  from  traces 
of  Cu,  Pb,  Fe,  etc.,  by  fusion  with  Na2COs  and  S,  and 
the  solution  of  the  fusion  in  water,  is  valueless  for 
daily  routine  work. 

Place  no  faith  in  any  method  that  advises  the  separa- 
tion of  Pb  from  much  Sn  and  Sb  by  HNO3  solution, 
as  it  is  practically  impossible  to  wash  all  the  Pb(NOz}2 
from  the  insoluble  residue,  and  in  the  determination  of 
Pb  as  PbSOt,  the  ignition  of  a  paper  filter  with  par- 
ticles of  PbSO4  adhering  to  it,  require  the  most  skillful 
treatment  to  avoid  loss  by  oxidation  and  volatilization. 
For  this  reason  the  Gooch  crucible  is  recommended. 

The  asbestos  for  the  Gooch  crucible  should  be  treated 
for  a  few  hours  in  each  of  the  following  acids :  HCl, 
HNO3  and  H2SO4  (1:5),  and  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
latter  solution  until  used.  After  placing  the  asbestos  in 
the  crucible,  wash  thoroughly  with  hot  water,  dry,  ignite, 
cool  and  weigh.  The  crucible  is  now  ready  for  use. 


126  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

A  modified  Gooch  crucible  holder  is  sold  under  the  name 
of  "Esco"1.  This  is  really  a  good  article  and  avoids 
entirely  the  use  of  rubber  tubing. 

The  /  method  for  the  determination  of  Cu  will  give 
accurate  results  with  reasonable  weights  of  Cu,  but  not 
always  with  small  weights  of  the  metal,  unless  the 
method  is  modified. 

To  insure  the  absence  of  Zn  in  large  precipitates  of 
CuS,  30%  HCl  by  volume  must  be  present. 

Use  the  balance  for  the  determination  of  specific 
gravity  of  alloys.  Special  hydrometers  for  taking  the 
specific  gravity  of  solids  are  not  always  trustworthy. 

W 
Sp.  Gr.= 


PF=weight  of  alloy  in  air. 
IV1 = weight  of  alloy  in  water. 

Use  weights  from  40  to  50  grams  of  the  alloy,  dupli- 
cates will  then  check  to  the  3d.,  decimal  place. 

C       R       F—32 
80  #=100  C=180  F  and =— =- 


100     80     212-32 

F  9/5  C+32=9/4   #+32 
C  S/4R        =5/9  (F— 32) 
RA/SC        =4/9  (F— 32) 

*For  sale  by  Eberbach  and  Son,  Ann  Harbor,  Mich. 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  127 

Dr.   Ure1  gives  the   correct   rule   for   computing  the 
mean  specific  gravity  of  an  alloy. 


Pw+pW 

Af—  mean  specific  gravity  of  the  alloy. 
W  and  zt'=greater  and  least  weights. 
P  and  />=greater  and  least  specific  gravities. 

When  the  calculated  specific  gravity  of  an  alloy  is 
less  than  the  actual  specific  gravity,  condensation  has 
taken  place  (increase  of  specific  gravity).  When  the 
specific  gravity  is  lower  than  that  calculated,  expansion 
has  taken  place  (decrease  in  specific  gravity). 
Wt.  per  cent. 

-  =  Volume. 
Sp.  Gr. 

At.  Wt. 

-  =  Atomic  Volume. 
Sp.  Gr. 

Per  cent. 

—Molecular  ratio  or  m  olecular  proportion 


Molecular  Weight. 

HCl    dissolves  Sn,  Fe,  Al,  Zn. 

HNO3  Pb,  Bi,  Cd,  As,  Cu,  Fe,  Zn.    Oxidizes 

Sn  and  Sb. 

Pb  precipitates  Cu. 

Mg          "  Fe,  Zn,  etc. 

Cu  "  As,  Sb,  Hg,  An,  Ag. 

Sn  As,  Sbr  Hg,  Au,  Ag. 

Fe  "  Cu,  Sb,  Bi,  Au,  Ag,  Hg: 

Zn  Sn,  Sb,  As,  Cu,  Pb,  Hg,  Bi,  Co,  Ni, 

Au,  Ag. 

Dictiqnary.    Vol.  I,  p.  49. 


128  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Spec.  Grav.  Melting  Point.          Average  "Weight. 

(deg.    C.)  (Ib.  percu.  ft) 

Pb.  11.37    (a)  326.2  (f)  710.6 

CM.  8.89    (b)  1054.    (g)  555.6 

Sn.  7.294  (c)  232.7  (f)  455.8 

Sb.  6.713  (c)  632.    (h)  419.4 

Fe.  7.8     (d)  1600.(wr*.)(i)  487.5' 

Zn.  6.9-7  2  (e)  433.    (f)  440.6 

Many  metallurgists  calculate  the  mean  melting  point 
of  an  alloy.  This  is  considered  unfair,1  as  many  alloys 
have  two  melting  points,  the  liquidus  and  the  solidus 
points  respectively. 

The    following    articles    may    be    of    interest    to    the 
chemist  : 
Analysis  of  Babbitt's  Metal.     Handy.     Proc.  Eng.  Soc. 

West  Pa.,  p.  185,  1892. 
Analysis  of  Alloys  of  Lead,  Tin,  Antimony  and  Arsenic. 

Andrews.      J.  Amer.   Chem.   Soc.,   Nov.,   1895. 
The  History  of  Babbitt  Metal.     Metal  Industry,   Sept., 

1903. 
The  Testing  of   Bearing  Metals.     Clamer.      Iron   Age, 

July  9,  1903. 
A    Study    of    Alloys    Suitable    for    Bearing    Purposes. 

Clamer.     J.  Franklin  Inst,  July,   1903. 
Analysis  of  Alloys  of  Copper.     Wilson.     Chem.   Eng., 

July,   1905. 
Rapid    Method    of    Babbitt    Metal    Analysis.      Yockey 

J.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  Mav,  1906.. 
The  Valuation  of  Engineering  Alloys.     Meade.     Chem. 

Eng.,  June,  August,  Sept.,  1908. 


wMatthiessen.  ^Borchers. 

<VRiche.  W  Person.  ^Pictet. 

WLong.  wyiolle.  MBoylston. 

W  United  States.  * 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  129 

The  Complete  Analysis  of  Brass.     Hall.     Electrochem. 

Met.  Ind.,  6,  444-7  (Nov.). 
Rapid  Analysis  of  Babbitt.     Walker  and  Whitman.     J. 

Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  I,  519-22. 
New  Methods  of  Alloy  Analysis.     Price.     Chem.  Eng., 

9,  4. 
Method  of  Separating  Tin,  Arsenic  and  Antimony  and 

Its  Application  to  the  Analysis  of   Bronze.     Dinam. 

Mon.  sci.,  22,  600-2. 
New  Method  for  Examining  Bronze,  Brass  and  Similar 

Alloys.    Schurmann  and  Arnold.    Chem.  Ztg.,  32,  886-7. 
The  Analysis   of   Babbitt  Metals,   Solders   and  Journal 

Brasses.     Demorest.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  2,  80-3. 
A   Rapid,   Practical   Method   for  the   Determination   of 

Copper,  Antimony  and  Tin  in  Alloys,  such  as  Babbitts 

and  Solders.     Vietz.     Metal  Ind.,  8,  301-2. 
A  New  Process  for  the  Examination  of  White  Metals. 

Schurmann.     Mitt.  kgl.  Materialprufungsamt,  28,  349- 

51. 
The   Analysis    of    Tin- Antimony    Alloys.      McCay.      J. 

Amer.  Chem.  Soc.,  32,  1241-8. 
Detection  of  Aluminum  in  Babbitt  by  the  Appearance 

on  Melting.     Vickers.     The  Foundry,  37,   169. 
Shrinkage  of  Alloys  During  Solidification.     Ewen  and 

Turner.     Engineering,  90,  678-83. 
The  Analysis  of  Tin-Alloys.    Kietreiber.    Osterr.  Chem. 

Ztg.,  (2)  13,  146-7:    through  Chem.  Zentr.,  1910,  II, 

596. 
Some    Tests   on   White    Anti-friction    Bearing    Metals. 

Smith  and  Humphries.     Engineering,  91,  171-2. 
The  Shrinkage  of  Metals  and  Alloys.     Wiist.     Metal- 

lurgie,  6,  769. 


130  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Rapid  Determination  of  Copper,  Silver,  Cadmium  and 
Bismuth  by  Means  of  the  Mercury  Cathode  and 
Stationary  Anode.  Benner.  J.  Am.  Chem.  Soc.,  32, 
1231-7. 

Patent  Controversy  Over  Bearing  Metals.  VIII.  Gamer. 
Metal  Ind.,  9,  114-8. 

The  Shrinkage  of  Metals  and  Alloys.    Wiist.     Iron  Age, 

85,  790-1. 

Composition  of  Commercial  Alloys.     Kaiser.     Metallur- 

gie,  8,  257-67,  296-308. 
Repairing  Bearings  by  the  Use  of  a  New  Anti-friction 

Metal  "Alga."    Anon.  Chimiste,  2,  215-6. 
Tests  of  White  Anti-friction  Metals.      Smith.      Intern. 

Z.  Metallog.,  I,  180-2. 
Analysis  of  Lead  Bronzes  and  Brasses.     Sestini.     Ind. 

chim.,  II,  229-31. 
Bearing  Metals.     I.     White   Metal.     Heyn  and   Bauer. 

Mitt.  kgl.  Materialprufungsamt,   1911,  29,  29-49. 
Bearing   Metals.      II.     Red   Metal.      Heyn   and   Bauer. 

Mitt.  kgl.  Materialprufungsamt.,  29,  63-110. 
A    Rapid   and    Accurate    Method    for   the   Analysis    of 

White  Metals.    Beneker.    J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  3,  637-8. 
Testing  the   Hardness   of    Metals.      Shore.      Iron   Age, 

86,  490-1. 

The  Electro-Analysis  of  Copper,  Antimony,  Bismuth 
and  Tin  with  Acidified  Chloride  Electrolytes.  Schoch 
and  Brown.  Orig.  Com.  8th  Intern.  Congr.  Appl. 
Chem.,  21,  81. 

Babbitt  Metal.     Anon.  Met.  Ind.,  10,  124. 

Effect  of  Repeated  Melting,  Heating  and  Cooling  on 
Chemical  Constitution  and  Mechanical  Properties  of 
Bearing  Metal  Alloys.  Goldberg.  Giesserei  Z.,  Jan., 
1912;  through  J.  Am.  Soc.  Mech.  Eng.,  34,  623. 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  131 

Tests  of  Babbitt  Metal.    Yanushevski.    Com.  Conference 

of    Rep.    of    Russian    Railroads,    Bull.,    Feb.,    1912; 

through  J.   Soc.   Mech.  Eng.,  34,  972. 
Alloys  of  Arsenic  and  Antimony.      Parravano  and  de 

Cesaris.     Gazz.  chim.  ital.,  42,  I,  341-5. 
Making  Babbitt  and  Babbitted  Bearings.     Jones.     Metal 

Ind.,  10,  195-9. 
Analysis  of  Copper-Tin  Alloys.    Gemmell.    J.  Soc.  Chem. 

Ind.,  32,  581-4. 
Analysis   of    White    Metals.      Noel.      Bull,    assoc.    inst. 

Meurice,  I,  267 ;  through  Bull.  soc.  chim.  belg.,  27,  99. 
Analysis  of  White  Metals.     Norlin.     Bihang.  till.  Jern- 

kontorets  Ann.,   12,  91    (1912);  through  Chem.   Ztg. 

Rep.,  36,  409. 
The  Analysis  of  Antimony-Tin  Alloys.     Pontio.     Ann. 

chin,  anal.,  18,  47-8. 
Systematic  Procedure  for  the  Analysis  of  White  Metal 

Containing   Copper,   Antimony,   Tin,   Lead,   Iron   and 

Zinc.     Kopenhaque.     Ann.  chim.  anal.,  17,  241-3. 
Analysis  of  the  Metals  and  of  the  Commonest  Metallic 

Alloys  by  Electrolytic  Methods.     Belasio.     Ann.  lab. 

Gabelle,  6,  245-303;  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  101,  II,  1096. 
Analysis  of  Wrhite  Metals  for  Bearings,  Ornaments,  and 

Type.    Belasio.    Ann.  lab.  Gabelle,  6,  217-29;  J.  Chem. 

Soc.,  101,  II,  1098. 
Bearing  Metals.    Anon.    The  Foundry-insert  Sheet,  Feb., 

1913,  Vol.  41,  100. 
Researches  on   White   Metals.       Pecoraro.       Proc.    Int. 

Assoc.  Testing  Materials,  2,   (13)   II16. 
Analysis  of  Alloys  of  Lead,  Tin,  Antimony  and  Copper. 

Demorest.     J.  Ind.  Eng.  Chem.,  5,  842-3. 


132  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

A  New  Method  for  the  Electrolysis  of  White  Bearing 
Metal.  Compagno.  Atti.  accad.  Lincei,  22,  II,  221-6; 
cf.  C.  A.,  6,  1724. 

Bearing  Metal  Manufacturing  and  Use.  Allen.  Power, 
39,  303-5. 

Methods  of  Determining  Hardness.  Kelly.  Iron  Trade 
Rev.,  54,  117-8. 

Standard  Specifications  for  Bearings  in  Railway  Wagons. 
Iron  Coal  Trades  Rev.,  138,  904  (1914). 

Method  of  Making  Phosphor  Tin.  Vickers.  Mech. 
World,  56,  141  (1914). 

Separation  of  White  Metal  and  Gunmetal  Borings.  Wal- 
ton and  Bailey.  Met.  Chem,  Eng.,  13,  204  (1915). 

Electrolytic  Analysis  of  Alloys  Containing  Large 
Amounts  of  Lead,  White  Bearings  Metal,  Type  Metal 
and  Brazing  Solders.  Compagno.  Ann.  chim.  appli- 
cata,  3,  164-8  (1914). 

Brass  Analysis.     Koch.     Chem.  Ztg.,  39,  215    (1915). 

Use  of  Hydrofluoric  Acid  in  the  Separation  of  Some 
Heavy  Metals  from  Tin,  Antimony,  Tungsten  and 
Molbdenum,  by  Means  of  the  Electric  Current.  Mc- 
Kay and  Furman.  J.  Amer.  Soc.,  38,  640-52  (1916)  ; 
cf.  C.  A.,  9,  277. 

Rapid  Analysis  of  Bearing  Metals  and  High  Copper 
Content  Alloys.  Lutts.  Met.  Chem.  Eng.,  13,  346-7 
(1915). 

A  Bearing  Metal  of  High  Elastic  Limit.  Anon.  Iron 
Age,  95,  1016  (1915). 

Investigation  of  Bearing  Metals:  Lead-Antimony-Tin 
Alloys.  Bauer.  Stahl.  u.  Eisen,  35,  445-50  (1915). 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  133 

Effect  of  Changes  in  the  Composition  of  Alloys  Used 

By  the  American  Railways  for  Car  Journal  Bearings. 

Garner.     Trans.  Am.  Inst.  Metals  (advance  copy)  8, 

24pp.  (1915). 
The  Chemist  and  the  Brass-Founder.    I.     Rolfe.     Metal 

Ind.,  14,  373-4  (1916) ;  II,  14,  468-9  (1916) ;  III,  15, 

24-6  (1917). 
Contribution  to  the  Analysis  of  Copper,  Aluminum  and 

Zinc  Alloys.     Graefe.     Chem.  Ztg.,  40,   102  (1916). 
Recovery   of    White    Metal   From    Drosses.      Bregman. 

Metal  Ind.,  14,  103-6  (1916). 
Comments   on    the   Analysis    of    Babbitt    Metal.      Witt. 

Philippine  J.  Sci.,  11  A,  169-73  (1916). 
Analysis   of    Babbitt   Metal,   Alloys   of   Tin,   Antimony, 

Lead,  and  Copper.     Hagmaier.     Met.  Chem.  Eng.,  16, 

84-5   (1917). 
Advances    in    the    Field    of    Metal    Analysis    in    1915. 

Doring.     Chem.  Ztg.,  40,  817-8,  855-8  (1916). 
Bearing  Alloys.     Forg.     Intern.  J.  Metallography,  8,  68 

(1916).     J.  Inst.  Metals,   17,  329-30. 
Alloys  of   Non-Ferrous   Metals.     Corse  and   Comstock. 

Iron  Age,  99,  842-3  (1917). 
Metallic  Alloys  with  Particular  Reference  to  Brass  and 

Bronze.     Corse.     J.  Am.  Soc.  Mech.  Eng.,  39,  305-10 

(1917). 

Castings  Bearings.     Clarke.    Iron  Age,  100,  932  (1917). 
A  New  Anti-friction  Alloy.     Yates.     Sibley  J.  Eng.,  32, 

6  (1917). 
Alloys  of  Copper  and  Phosphorus.     Scott.     Metal  Ind., 

15,  386-7  (1917). 
Precision  in  Chemical  Weighing.    Rae  and  Reilly.    Chem. 

News,  114,  187-9,  200-3  (1916). 
Analysis   of    Bolster   Metal    Alloys.      Whittier.      Chem. 

Analyst,  21,  18-20  (1917). 


134  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

The  Analysis  of  Zinc  Alloys.     Mossbacher.     Z.  offentl. 

Chem.,  23,  113-5  (1917)  ;  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  112,  II,  389. 
Tentative  Methods  for  Analysis  of  Alloys  of  Lead,  Tin, 

Antimony  and  Copper.     B  18-17  T.  Anon.    Proc.  Soc. 

Am.  Testing  Materials,  17,  I,  622-9  (1917). 
Analysis  of  White  Metal-Alloys ;  Determination  of  Lead, 

Copper,  and  Antimony.     Howden.     Chem.  News,  116, 

235  (1917). 
The  Analysis  of  Brass   or  Bronze  and  Babbitt.     Hag- 

maier.     Metal  Ind.,  15,  52O2  (1917). 
Detection    of    Small    Quantities    of    Heavy    Metals    in 

Water.     Polinski.     Chem.  Analyst,  22,  24  (1917). 
The  Indentification  and  Estimation  of  Zinc  in  Water. 

Meldrum.     Chem.  News,  116,  271-2  (1917). 
Colorimetric   Determination   of    Bismuth.       Motherwell. 

Eng.  Mining  J.,  104,  1091-2  (1917). 
Quantitative  Analysis  of  Bismuth  in  Lead  Bullion.    Jes- 

sup.     Eng.  Mining  J.,  105,  603-4   (1918). 
New  Laboratory  for  Brass.    Anon.    Iron  Age,  101,  858- 

9  (1918). 
The  Analysis  of  Aluminium  Alloys.     Collitt  and  Regan. 

J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  91-5T  (1918). 
Separation  of  Cobalt  from  Nickel.     Carnot.     Bull.  soc. 

chim.,  21,  211-7  (1917). 
A  New  Process  for  Determining  Mercury  By  Means  of 

Zinc    Filings.      Francois.      Compt.    rend.,    166,    950-2 
^  (1918). 
Scheme  for  the  Rapid  Estimation  of  Cadmium  in  Zinc 

Spelter.     Isaacs.     Chem.  Analyst,  24,  18-20   (1918). 
Analysis  of  White  Metals.     Drawe.     Z.  angew.  Chem., 

31,  I,  88  (1918)  ;  J.  Soc.  Chem.  Ind.,  37,  377A. 
Analysis  of  White  Metal.    Kurek  and  Flath.    Chem.  Ztg., 

42,  133-4  (1918);  J.  Chem.  Soc.,  114,  II,  242. 


MISCELLANEOUS  ANALYSIS  135 

Detection   of    Nickel   and    Cobalt.      Matsui.     J.   Tokyo 

Chem.  Soc.,  39,  459-64  (1918). 
The  Chemical  Analysis  of  Anti-friction  Alloys  of  Tin, 

Copper   and   Antimony,   and   Consideration   of   Their 

Structure.     Namias.     Ind.  chim.  min.  met.,  5,  89-90 

(1918). 

The  Analysis  of  Bearing  Metals  Composed  of  Tin,  Anti- 
mony, and  Copper.     Ferreri  and  Cavalli.     Ind.  chim. 

min.  met,  5,  113-4  (1918). 
The  Rapid  Solution  of  Alloys  Containing  Tin,  Antimony 

and  Lead.    Eckelmann.    Chem.  Analyst,  25,  22  (1918). 
Estimation  of  Zinc  by  Schaffner's  Method.     Fenner  and 

Rothschild.     Z.   anal.   Chem.,  56,   384-90    (1917);   J. 

Chem.  Soc.,  112,  II,  580;  cf.  C.  A.,  11,  765. 
Estimation  of  Zinc  in  Aluminum  Alloys.    Willis.    Chem. 

Trade  J.,  62,  336   (1918). 
Platinum  Analysis.     Quennessen.     Ind.  chim.  rev.  prod. 

chim.,  5,  6-7  (1918). 
New  Method  of  Determining  Copper,  Zinc,  Cadmium, 

Nickel  and  Cobalt.     Carnot.     Compt.  rend.,  166,  245- 

51   (1918). 
The  Determination  of  Cobalt  and  Nickel  in  Cobalt  Steel. 

Schoeller  and  Powell.    Iron  and  Steel  Inst.,  May,  2-3, 

1918. 
Estimation  of  Nickel  with  a-Benzildioxime.     Strebinger. 

Chem.  Ztg.,  42,  242-3  (1918). 


136  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 


CHAPTER  VI. 
BABBITT  METAL. 

Notes  on  the  Manufacture  of  Babbitt. 

The  following  babbitts  are  usually  all  that  is  necessary 
for  ordinary  work.  Each  has  given  entire  satisfaction 
when  used  for  the  purpose  designated. 

No.  1  Babbitt. 

For  motors  and  fast  running  machinery. 

Sn 72.00 

Pb 15.00 

Sb 9.00 

Cu..  4.00 


100.00 

Sp.Gr 7.8 

No.  2  Babbitt. 

For  slow  running  machinery. 

Pb..\ 69.50 

Sb 18.00 

Sn 12.00 

Cu..  .50 


100.00 
9.6 


BABBITT  METAL  137 

In  preparing  the  babbitt,  the  following  method  was 
found  to  give  the  best  results.  Place  the  Sn  and  Cu-Sn 
alloy  in  hot  pot  and  cover  with  fine  coal  dust.  When 
the  Cu-Sn  alloy  has  melted,  add  the  Sb  slowly  increasing 
the  heat  gradually  until  the  Sb  is  entirely  melted.  Add 
the  Pb  in  the  same  manner,  which  when  melted  will 
cool  the  alloy  to  about  the  pouring  temperature,  which 
should  be  as  low  as  possible  yet,  fluid  enough  to  mix 
thoroughly  with  iron  paddle.  The  stirring  must  be  con- 
tinued during  the  entire  pouring.  By  observing  the 
specific  gravity  of  the  different  metals  that  enter  the 
alloy,  it  can  be  readily  seen  that  the  molten  metal  must 
be  well  mixed,  otherwise  there  will  be  a  segregation  of 
the  different  metals.  Many  melters  determine  the  pour- 
ing temperature  by  the  ignition  of  a  pine  splinter  when 
placed  in  contact  with  molten  alloy. 

The  Cu-Sn  alloy  is  made  by  melting  together  equal 
parts  of  Cu  and  Sn.  This  alloy  is  always  kept  in  stock. 
By  stirring  the  melted  alloy  thoroughly  during  the  melt- 
ing and  pouring,  and  allowing  the  molten  alloy  to  run 
into  cold  iron  molds  at  as  low  a  temperature  as  possible, 
segregation  is  entirely  overcome.  By  covering  the  sur- 
face of  the  molten  metal  with  about  two  inches  of  fine 
coal  dust,  the  loss  of  metal  by  oxidation  is  almost  trifling 
for  the  group  of  metals  that  form  the  mixture  of  the 
above  babbitts.  If  there  is  a  loss  of  over  1  per  cent  in 
the  finished  product,  it  can  be  traced  invariably  to  waste, 
careless  weighing  or  poor  melting. 

In  one  lot  of  200  pounds  of  babbitt  and  using  the 
Hauck  Portable  Kerosene  Melting  Furnace,  No.  122,  pot 
capacity  450  pounds,  the  finished  babbitt  was  ready  to 
pour  in  fifty  minutes ;  burning  three  gallons  of  kerosene 
and  with  a  loss  of  .63  per  cent  metal.  This  excellent 
work  was  due  to  the  melter  (J.  Jette). 


138  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Fine  coal  dust  for  covering  the  molten  metal  is  usually 
found  on  the  tops  of  rafters  in  the  blacksmith  shop  and 
the  labor  of  grinding  and  sifting  a  hard  x>r  soft  coal  is 
avoided. 

At  one  time  not  having  molds,  a  length  of  railroad 
iron  was  used.  This  was  turned  on  its  side  and  the 
ends  blocked  with  fire  clay.  When  the  clay  was  dry,  it 
made  an  excellent  mold. 

One  very  important  item  is,  not  to  assume  that  the 
crude  commercial  metals  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
the  alloy  are  chemically  pure.  The  chemists  report  on 
an  alloy  will  show  at  times,  a  gain  or  a  deficit  of  certain 
metals.  As  a  rule  the  crude  metals  can  be  relied  upon 
to  give  results  that  are  satisfactory. 

Commercial  Metals: 

Cu 98.50%— 99.90%  (a) 

Sn 93.50  " —99.96  "  (b) 

Sb 98.85  " —99.85  "  (c) 

Pb 99.87  "  —99.89  "  (c) 

Examples  of  Calculations: 

(1)  The  following  metals  are  melted  together:  Pb,  50 
Ibs. ;  Sn,  25  Ibs.,  and  Sb,  15  Ibs.  The  resulting  ingot 
weighed  88.5  Ibs.  What  is  the  percentage  of  metal  lost? 

50+25+15=90.0  Ibs. 

Ingot  =88.5    " 


Loss=  1.5 
1.5X100 

=1.66%. 

90 

™  Sexton. 

<b>  Bruno  Kerl. 

<°>Aftn.  and  Sci.  Press,  July  10,  1915. 


BABBITT  METAL  139 

(2)  What  is  the  percentage  composition  of -the  above 
mixture  ? 

50X100 

Pb =  55.55%. 

90 

25X100 

Sn =  27.78" 

90 

15X100 

Sb =  16.67" 

90 

100.00  " 

(3)  Desire  a  bearing  or  casting  of  150  Ibs.,  of  the  above 
composition.    What  is  the  required  weight  of  each  metal  ? 

55.55X150 

Pb =  83.32  Ibs. 

100 

27.78X150 

Sn =  41.68   " 

100 

16.67X150  ,:* 

Sb =  25.00   " 

100 

150.00   " 

(4)  What  is  the  formula  of  the  following  alloy:    Cu, 
98.1%,  and  Sn,  1.90%? 

98.1%  Cu 

-=1.5432 


63.57 


140  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

1.9%  Sn 


-=  .0160 


118.7 
.016:  1.5432=1  :X  X=96      '     SnCu96 

(5)   What  is  the  percentage  of  each  metal  in  the  follow- 
ing alloy:    Sn25Cu5Sb2? 

Sn 118.70X25=2967.50 

Cu 63.57X  5=  317.85 

Sb....t.   120.20X  2=  240.40 

3525.75 

2967.50X100 
=84.166%  Sn. 


3525.75 

317.85X100 

=  9.015%  Cu. 


3525.75 
240.40X100 

3525.75 


-=  6.819%  Sb. 


100.000%. 


BABBITT  METAL  141 


SAMPLING. 


The  following  method  for  the  sampling  of  babbitt,  has 
given  the  best  results  and  also  entire  satisfaction  for  a 
number  of  years: 

Take  the  sample  for  analysis  from  the  thoroughly 
mixed  molten  metal,  just  before  the  general  pouring  and 
cast  in  a  cold  iron  mould  of  about  the  following  dimen- 
sions, 4"X  WXl".  When  the  ingot  is  cold,  the  outside 
skin  is  removed  with  a  file,  thrown  aside  and  filings  are 
now  taken  by  filing  gently  across  the  surface  of  the  end 
of  the  ingot  with  a  new  clean  file  and,  as  for  the  con- 
tamination of  the  sample  with  particles  of  the  file,  it  may 
be  ignored  safely  in  practice. 

Do  not  take  a  sample  from  the  ear  or  lug  of  a  bar 
or  casting  as  there  may  be,  and  is  in  many  cases,  a 
segregation  of  metal. 

The  analysis  of  No.  2  Babbitt  represents  a  sample 
taken  across  the  entire  end  of  the  sample  bar. 

The  sample  should  be  taken  either  by  the  chemist  or 
by  one  who  thoroughly  understands  the  importance  of 
the  work,  and  the  taking  of  samples  by  irresponsible 
boys,  cheap  labor  and  non-technical  officials  is  certainly 
a  stupid  ridiculous  practice,  and  if  this  mode  of  sampling 
is  followed,  the  chemist  will  in  many  cases  get  the 
criticism. 


142  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
WORKS  OF  REFERENCE. 

Metallurgy,  etc. 

Antimony.     Wang.   (a). 

Lead  and  Zinc  in  the  United  States.     Ingalls.   (e). 

Principles  of  Metallurgy.     Fulton,   (b). 

Metallurgical  Laboratory  Notes.     Howe.   (b). 

Metallurgy.     Wysor.   (c). 

Metallurgy.     Borchers.   (d). 

General  Metallurgy.     Hofman.   (b). 

Practical  Treatise  on  Metallurgy.     Kerl.   (e). 

Metallurgy.     Silver  and  Gold.     Percy,   (e}. 

Metallurgy.     Lang.   (b). 

Hand-book  of  Metallurgy.    Vol.  I,  Vol.  II.    Schnabel. 

(e). 

Manual  of  Metallurgy.     Greenwood,   (e). 
Electro-Metallurgy.     McMillan.   (/). 
Elements  of  Metallurgy.     Phillips.   (/). 
Metallurgy  of  Iron.     Bauerman.   (e). 
Elements  of  Metallurgy.     Sexton.   (/). 
Metallurgy.     Roberts- Austin.   (/). 
Antimony  Industry.     Howard,   (gr). 
Metallurgy  of  the  Common  Metals.     Austin,  (m). 
Principles  of  Metallurgy.     Hiorns.   (i). 
Electric  Smelting  and  Refining.     Borchers.   (/). 
Electro-Metallurgy.     Watt.   (e). 
Electrolytic  Separation  of  Metals.     Gore.   (e). 


BABBITT  METAL  143 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Electric  Furnaces.     Moissan.   (e}. 

Electric  Furnaces.     Wright,  (e). 

Electro-Metallurgy.     Smee.   (e). 

Metallurgy  of  Zinc  and  Cadmium.     Ingalls.   (a). 

Industrial  Furnaces.     Damour.   (b)   . 

Physical  Metallurgy.     Rosenhain.   (e). 

Metallurgy.     Overman,   (e). 

Metallurgy.     Rhead.   (&). 

Metallurgy.     Makins.   (e). 

Metallurgical  Machinery.     Jenkins,   (e). 

Matte  Smelting.     Lang.   (e). 

Metallurgy.     Harrison,   (e). 

Practical  Metallurgy.     Hiorns.   (i). 

Metallurgical  Hand-book.     Creamer  and  Bicknell.  (e). 

Electrolytic  Separation  of  Metals.     Gore.   (e). 

Electro- Deposition  of  Metals.     Langbein.   (e). 

High   Temperature  Measurements.     Le  Chatelier  and 

Boudouard.   (d). 
Engineering  and  Metallurgical  Books,    (titles.)    1907- 

1911.     Peddie.   (e). 

Refractories  and  Furnaces.     Havard.   (b). 
The  Electric  Furnace.     Stansfield.   (b). 
Electric   Furnaces.     Rodenhauser-Schoenawa-Vom 

Baur.   (d). 

Practical  Pyrometry.     Ferry,   (d). 
Metallurgial  and  Chemical  Engineering,   (m). 
Refractory  Materials.     Hancox.   (e). 
Metallurgists  and  Chemists  Handbook.     Liddell.   (b). 
Cast  Iron.     Keep.   (a). 
Lead-Smelting.     lies.   (d). 
Lead  Refining  by  Electrolysis.     Betts.  (d). 
Lead  Smelting  and  Refining.     Ingalls.   (e). 


144  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Metallurgy  of  Lead  and  the  Desilverization  of  Base 

Bullion.     Hofman.   (e). 
Metallurgy  of  Lead  and  Silver.    Part  I,  Lead ;  Part  II, 

Silver.     Collins,   (e). 
Metallurgy  of  Silver,  Gold  and  Mercury  in  the  United 

States.    Vol.  I,  Silver;  Vol.  II,  Gold  and  Mercury. 

Egleston.   (e). 
Coal.     Somermeier.   (&). 
Coal  and  Coke.     Wagner,   (b). 
Heat  Energy  and  Fuels.     Juptner.   (fc). 
Smelter  Construction  Costs.     Jones.   (&).. 
Notes  on   Metallurgical   Mill   Construction.       Ingalls. 

(*). 

Cyanide  Process  for  the  Extraction  of  Gold.     Eissler. 

(«)• 

Metallurgy  of  Argentiferous  Lead.     Eissler.   (e). 

Metallurgy  of  Gold.     Eissler.   (e) . 

Metallurgy  of  Silver.     Eissler.   (e). 

Hydrometallurgy  of  Silver.     Hofman.   (e}. 

Practical  Notes  on  the  Cyanide  Process.     Bosqui.  (e). 

Chemistry  of  Cyanide  Solutions.     Clennell.   (e). 

Cyaniding  Gold  and  Silver  Ores.     Julian-Smart.   (/). 

Cyanide  Process  of  Gold  Extraction.     Park.   (/). 

The  Cyanide  Process.     Miller,   (a). 

Cyanide  Processes.     Wilson,   (a). 

The  Chlorination  Process.     Wilson,   (a). 

The  Cyanide    Industry    Theoretically   and    Practically 

Considered.     Robine-Lenglen-Le  Clerc.   (a). 
Gold  and  Silver.     Crane,   (a). 
The  Materials  of  Engineering.     Thurston.   (d). 

Part      I.     Non-Metallic  Materials  of  Engineering. 

Part     II.     Iron  and  Steel. 


BABBITT  METAL  145 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued)- 

Part  III.     Treatise  on  Brasses,  Bronzes  and  Other 

Alloys. 

Modern  Electrolytic  Copper  Refining.     Ulke.   (d). 
Foundry  Practice.     Tate-Stone.   (d). 
American  Foundry  Practice.     West.   (d). 
Moulders'  Textbook.  West.   (d). 
General  Foundry  Practice.     Roxburgh,   (e). 
Iron  Founders'  Manual.     Payne,   (e). 
Modern  Iron  Foundry  Practice.     Bale.   (e). 

Part  I.  Foundry  Equipment,  Materials  Used  and 
Processes  Followed. 

Part  II.  Machine  Moulding  and  Moulding  Ma- 
chines, Physical  Tests  of  Cast  Iron, 
Methods  of  Cleaning  Castings,  Foundry 
Accounting,  etc. 

Practical  Iron  Foundry.  Horner.   (e). 
Foundry  Machinery.     Treiber.   (e). 
Modern  Moulding  and  Patternmaking.     Mullin.    (e). 
Pattern  Makers  Assistant.  Rose.   (e). 
Malleable  Cast  Iron.  Parsons,   (e). 
The  Production  of  Malleable  Castings.   Moldenke.  (/>). 
Foundry  Practice.     Palmer,   (d). 
Encyclopedia  of  Founding  and  Dictionary  of  Foundry 

Terms.     Bolland.   (rf). 
The  Iron  Founder.     Bolland.   (d). 
"The  Iron  Founder"  Supplement.     Bolland.   (n). 
Iron  and  Steel.     Hudson,   (e). 
Iron  and  Steel.     Stansbie.   (e). 
Siderology:   The  Science  of  Iron.    Juptner.  (e). 
The   Basic  Open-Hearth   Steel   Process.      Dichmann. 

(*). 
Electric    Furnace    and    Iron    and    Steel    Production. 

Kershaw.   (e). 


146  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Electro-Thermal  Methods  of  Iron  and  Steel  Produc- 
tion. Kershaw.  (e). 

Outline  of  the  Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel.  Sexton- 
Primrose,  (e). 

Forging  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Richards,   (e). 

Hardening  and  Tempering  of  Steel,  in  Theory  and 
Practice.  Reiser,  (e). 

The  Production  of  Aluminum  and  Its  Industrial  Use. 
Minet- Waldo,  (d). 

Elements  of  Metallography.     Ruer-Mathewson.   (d). 

Hardening,  Tempering,  Annealing  and  Forging  of 
Steel.  Woodworth.  (0). 

Tool  Making.     Markham.   (/>). 

The  Silversmith's  Handbook.     Gee.  (/). 

Notes  on  Alloys.     Parry,   (e). 

Systematic  Treatment  of  Metalliferous  Waste.    Parry. 

(«). 

Zinc.     Primrose,   (e). 

Aluminum.     Seligman.   (e). 

Brass.     Bengough.  (e). 

Alloys  (Non-Ferrous).  Sexton,   (e). 

The  Metallurgy  of  Nickel.     Johnson,   (e). 

Lead  and  Its  Compounds.     Lambert.   (*). 

Metallography  of  Strains.     Humphrey,   (e). 

The  Metallurgy  of  Steel.     Harbord.   (a). 

Metallic  Alloys.     Gulliver,   (a). 

Principles  of  Iron  Founding.     Moldenke.   (&). 

Steel  Rails,  Their  History,   Properties,   Strength  and 

Manufacture.     Sellew.   (e). 
Blast  Furnace  Calculations.     Stevenson,   (e). 
Treatise  on  Roll  Turning  for  the  Manufacture  of  Iron. 

Tunner.   (e). 


BABBITT  METAL  147 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued).  , 

Welding  and  Cutting  Metals  By  the  Aid  of  Gasses  or 

Electricity.     Groth.  (e). 
Lead  and  Zinc  Pigments.     Holley.  (e). 
The  Metallurgy  of  Iron.     Turner,   (a). 
Lectures  on  Iron- Founding.     Turner,   (a). 
Practical  Metallurgy.     Turner,   (a). 
The  Foundry.   (/). 

Microscopic  Analysis  of  Metals.     Osmond.   (/). 
Welding.     Hart.   (c). 
The  Production  of  Chromium  and  Its  Compounds  By 

the  Aid  of  the  Electric  Current.     Le  Blanc,   (c). 
Production  of  Metallic  Objects  Electrolytically.   Pfan- 

hauser.   (c). 
Iron  Corrosion,  Anti-fouling  and  Anti-corrosive  Paints. 

Andes,  (e). 
Manufacture  of  Mineral  and  Lake  Pigments.    Bersch. 

(*)• 

Report  Upon  the  Precious  Metals.     Blake,   (e). 
On  the  Construction  of  Iron  Roofs.     Campin.   (e). 
Radium  and  Other  Radio-active  Substances ;  Polonium, 

Actinium  and  Thorium.     Hammer,   (e). 
The  Metals  Used  in  Construction.    Joynson.   (e). 
Chemistry  of  Pigments.     Parry-Coste.   (e). 
Manufacture  of  Paint.     Smith,   (e). 
Steel.     Metcalf.   (d). 
Electro-plating  and  Electro-refining  of  Metals.    Watt. 

(e). 

Calculation  of  Furnace  Charges.     Chauvenet.   (a). 
General  Foundry  Practice.   McWilliam-Longmuir.  (a). 
Elementary  Treatise  on  Hoisting  Machinery.    Horner. 

(«). 

Hydraulic  Power  and  Hydraulic  Machinery.     Robin- 
son,  (a). 


148  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Art  of  Pattern  Making.     Chase,   (a). 

Rustless  Coatings ;  Corrosion  and  Electrolysis  of  Iron 

and  Steel.    xWood.   (a). 

The  Calorific  Power  of  Fuels.     Poole.   (a). 
First  Lessons  in  Metal- Working.     Compton.   (a). 
Machinery  Pattern  Making.     Dingey,   (a). 
Metals  and  Minerals.     Goesel.   (a). 
The  Calorific  Power  of  Gas.     Coste.   (a).' 
Theory  and  Practice  of  Enamelling  on  Iron  and  Steel. 

Griinwald.     (a). 
Commercial  Peat.     Gissing.   (a). 

Peat:  Its  Use  and  Manufacture.   Bjorling-Gissing.  (a). 
Arsenic.     Wanklyn.   (a). 
Blast  Furnace  Practice.     Morgan,   (a). 
Getting  Gold.     Johnson,   (a). 

Alloys  and  Their  Industrial  Application.     Law.  (a). 
Hydro-Electric  Practice.     Von  Schon.   (a). 
Constructional  Steelwork.     Farnsworth.   (a). 
Mixed  Metals  or  Metallic  Alloys.     Hiorns.   (i). 
Metal  Coloring  and  Bronzing.     Hiorns.   (i). 
Metallography.     Hiorns.   (i). 
Introduction  to  Metallography.     Goerens.    (k). 
Metallography  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Sauveur.   (a). 
A  Practical  Treatise  on  Metallurgy.     Crookes-Rohrig. 

Vol.  I,  Vol.  II,  Vol.  III.   (k). 
Tin  Deposits  of  the  World.     Fawns,   (h). 
Metallic  Alloys.     Brannt.   (/). 
Outline  of  the  Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Hof- 

man.   (e). 

Iron  and  Steel  Manufacture.     Hiorns.   (e): 
Steel  and  Iron  for  Advanced  Students.    Hiorns.   (e). 
Studies  of  Blast  Furnace  Phenomena.     Gruner.   (e). 
Open  Hearth  Steel  Castings.     Carr.   (e). 


BABBITT  METAL  149 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Manufacture  and  Properties  of  Iron  and  Steel.  Camp- 
bell, (e). 

Chemical  Phenomena  of  Iron  Smelting.     Bell.   (e). 
Bessemer  Steel,  Ores  and  Methods.     Fitch,   (e). 
Galvanized  Iron.    Its  Manufacture  and  Uses.    Davies. 

(«)• 

Steel  and  Iron.     Greenwood,   (e). 

Metals  and  Their  Chief  Industrial  Applications. 
Wright,  (e). 

The  Metallographist.  Sauveur.  (r).  Vol.  I,  Vol.  II, 
Vol.  Ill,  Vol.  IV,  Vol.  V,  Vol.  VI. 

Iron  and  Steel  Magazine.     Sauveur.   (r).     Vol.  VII, 

Vol.  VIII,  Vol.  IX,  Vol.  X,  Vol.  XL 

The  Cupola  Furnace.     Kirk.   (/). 

Iron:  Its  History,  Properties  and  Processes  of  Manu- 
facture. Fairbairn.  (e). 

Galvanizing  and  Tinning.     Flanders,   (e). 

Pyrite  Smelting.  Reprinted  from  the  Engineering  and 
Mining  Journal.  Rickard.  (e). 

A  Pocket  Book  for  Miners  and  Metallurgists.    Power. 

(«)• 

The  A.  B.  C.  of  Iron.     Sisson.  (e). 

L' Aluminum:  ses  Properties;  ses  Applications.    Mois- 

sonnier.   (e). 
Etude  Industrielle  'des  Alliages  Metalliques.     Guillet. 

(*)- 

Useful  Metals  and  Their  Alloys.    Scoffern  and  Others. 

(*)• 

Metals:  Their  Properties  and  Treatment  Hunting- 
ton-McMillan,  (e). 

Electro-Plater's  Hand  Book.     Bonney.   (e). 
The  Practical  Electroplater.     Brunor.  (e). 
Electrolysis.     Fontaine,   (e). 


ISO  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 
Electro-Chemistry.     Gore.   (e). 
The  Art  of  Electrolytic  Separation  of  Metals.     Gore. 

(*>. 

Galvonoplastic  Manipulations.     Roseleur.   (e). 
Traite  Theorique  et  Pratique  d'Electrochemie.     Tom- 

massi.   (e). 

The  Polishing  and  Plating  of  Metals.     Hawkins,  (e). 
Electro-Plating.     Urquhart.   (e). 
Modern  Electro-Plating.     Von  Home.   (e). 
Galvonoplastic  Manipulations.     Wahl.   (e). 
Stereotyping  and  Electrotyping.     Wilson,   (e). 
Radium   and   Radio- Active   Substances.       Baskerville. 

(«> 

Radioactive  Substances.     Curie,   (e). 
Radium  and  All  About  It.     Bottone.   (e). 
Story  of  American  Coals.     Nicholls.   (e). 
Radium  and   Other  Radio-Active   Elements.      Levey- 
Willis,   (e). 

Chemistry  of  Coke.     Anderson,   (e). 
A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Combustion  of  Coal.   Barr. 

(0; 

Practice  of  Copper  Smelting.     Peters,   (a). 

Principles  of  Copper  Smelting.     Peters,   (a). 
Modern  Copper  Smelting.     Peters,   (a). 
Metallurgical  Calculations.     Richards,   (a). 

Part      I.     Chemical  and  Thermal  Principles. 

Part     II.     Iron  and  Steel. 

Part  III.     The  Metals  Other  Than  Iron  (Non-fer- 
rous Metals.) 

Cementation  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Giolith.   (&).. 
Cleaning  of  Blast  Furnace  Gases.     Wagner,   (b). 
The  Steel  Foundry.     Hall.   (b). 
Brass  Founders'  Alloys.     Buchanan,   (s). 


BABBITT  METAL  151 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Autogenous  Welding  and  Cutting.     Kautny.   (b). 
Fuel  and  Its  Applications.    Ronalds-Richardson,  (e). 

Part  I,  Part  II. 

Coal:    Its  History  and  Uses.     Thrope.  (e). 
The  Combustion  of  Coal  and  the  Prevention  of  Smoke 

Chemically  and   Practically   Considered.     Williams. 

(»)• 

Gas  and  Coal  Dust  Firing.     Putsch,   (e). 

Combustion  of  Fuel.     Pullen.   (e). 

Smoke  Abatement.     Nicholson,   (e). 

Fuel  and  Its  Applications.     Mills-Rowan,   (e). 

Liquid  Fuel  and  Its  Combustion.     Booth,   (e). 

Briquettes  and  Patent  Fuel.     Bjorling.   (e). 

Facts  About  Peat.     Peat  Fuel  and  Peat  Coke.     Lea- 

vitt.   (e). 

Peat  and  Its  Products.     Kerr.   (*). 
Liquid  Fuel  for  Mechanical  and  Industrial  Purposes. 

Hodgetts.   (e). 

A  Treatise  on  Fuel.     Scientific  and  Practical.     Gallo- 
way,  (e). 

The  Metallurgy  of  Steel.     Howe.   (e). 
Iron,  Steel  and  Other  Alloys.     Howe.   (e). 
Steel :   Its  History,  Manufacture,  Properties  and  Uses. 

Jeans,   (e). 

Iron  and  Steel  Manufacture.     Kohn.   (e). 
Papers  on  Iron  and  Steel,  Practical  and  Experimental. 

Mushet.   (e). 

The  Iron  and  Steelmaker.     Joynson.   (e). 
A  Treatise  on  Steel.     Landrin.   (e). 
The  Metallurgy  of   Iron  and  Steel,  Theoretical  and 

Practical.     Osborn.  (e). 
The  Manufacture  of  Iron  In  All  Its  Various  Branchs. 

Overman,   (e). 


152  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

The  American  Steel  Worker.     Markham.   (e). 
Crystallization  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Mellor.   (e). 
Metallurgy  of  Cast  Iron.     West.   (e). 
A  Practical  Guide  for  Puddling  Iron  and  Steel.  Urbin. 

(•)• 

Steel:    Its  Selection,  Annealing,  Hardening  and  Tem- 
pering.    Markham.   (o). 
The  Manufacture  of  Steel.     Overman,   (e). 
An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Iron  Metallurgy.     Rogers. 

(•)• 

The  Chemistry  of  Iron  and  Steel  Making,  and  of  Their 

Practical  Uses.     Williams,   (e). 
The  Iron  Manufacture  of  Great  Britain,  Theoretically 

and  Practically  Considered.     Truran.   (e). 
Researches    On    the    Action    of    the    Blast    Furnace. 

Schinz.   (e). 
Outline  of  the  Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Sexton. 

(«); 

Chemical  Combinations  Among  Metals.     Guia's.   (q). 

Economics  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Skelton.   (e). 

Notes  On  the  Use  of  Anthracite  in  the  Manufacture 

of  Iron.     Johnson,   (e). 
Elementary    Practical    Metallurgy,    Iron    and    Steel. 

Longmuir.   (e). 
Principles  and  Practice  of  Iron  and  Steel  Manufacture. 

MacFarlane.   (e). 
History  of   the   Manufacture  of   Iron   In   All   Ages. 

Swank,   (e). 

Tool  Steel.     Thallner.   (e). 
Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Turner,   (e). 
The  Manufacture  of  Russian  Sheet  Iron.    Percy,  (e). 
Notes  On  Lead  Ores.     Fairie.   (e). 


BABBITT  METAL  153 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

A  Handbook  of  Practical  Cyanide  Operations.     Gaze. 

(*). 

Cyanide  Practice.     James,   (e). 

Prevention  of  Smoke.     Polppewell.   (e). 

Smoke   Prevention  and   Fuel   Economy.     Booth-Ker- 

shaw.   (e). 
Fuel:   Its  Combustion  and  Economy.    Clark- Williams. 

(*)• 

The  Commercial  Uses  of  Coal  Gas.     Fletcher,   (e). 

Combustibles  Industriels.     Colomer-Lordier.   (e). 

A  Treatise  On  the  Manufacture  of  Coke  and  Other 

Prepared    Fuels   and   the    Saving   of    By-Products. 

Fulton,  (e). 

Essai  Combustible.     Sidersky.   (e). 
Gaseous  Fuel,  Including  Water  Gas:    Its  Production 

and  Application.     Thwaite.   (e). 
Air  As  Fuel.     Ross.   (e). 

Stamp  Milling  and  Cyaniding.     Thomson,  (b). 
Stamp  Milling.     Del  Mar.  (&). 
Stamp  Milling  of  Gold  Ores.     Rickard.  (b). 
De  Re  Metallica.    Agricola.  tr.     Hoover-Hoover,  (t). 
Details  of  Cyanide  Practice.     Megraw.  (b). 
Practical  Data  for  the  Cyanide  Plant.     Mcgraw.  (b). 
Cyanide  Practice.     MacFarren.   (b). 
The  Hydrometallurgy  of  Copper.    Greenawalt.  (&). 
Production  and  Properties  of  Zinc.   (1902).     Ingalls. 

(6). 
Corrosion  and  Preservation  of  Iron  and  Steel.    Cush- 

man-Gardner.   (b). 

Notes  on  Lead  and  Copper  Smelting.     Hixon.  (&). 
Iron  and  Steel.     Tiemann.  (&). 

Composition  and  Heat  Treatment  of  Steel.  Lake.  (b). 
High  Speed  Steel.     Becker,   (b). 


154  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Metallurgy  of  Iron  Dictionary.     Vol.  XI:  in  each  of 

the  six  languages,   (b). 
Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Sang.   (b). 
Processes  of  Silver  and  Gold  Extraction.    Kustel.  (e). 
Gold:   Its  Occurrence  and  Extraction.    Lock.   (e). 
Roasting  of  Gold  and  Silver  Ores,  and  the  Extraction 

of   Their   Respective   Metals   Without   Quicksilver. 

Kustel.   (e). 

Gold  Milling.     Lock.   (e). 
A  Precis  of  Lead  Smelting.     Longridge.  (e). 
Hand  Book  of  Gold  Milling.     Louis,   (e). 
Losses  in  Gold  Amalgamation.      McDermot-Duffield. 

(«). 

Notes  On  the  Treatment  of  Gold  Ores.     O'Driscoll. 

(«)• 

The    Metallurgy   of    Lead,    Including    Desilverization 

and  Cupellation.     Percy,   (e). 

The  Mining  and  Metallurgy  of  Gold  and  Silver. 
Phillips.  (*). 

The  A.  B.C.  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Backert.  (/>). 

The  Blast  Furnace  and  the  Manufacture  of  Pig  Iron. 
Forsythe.  (/>). 

Blast  Furnace  Construction  in  America.    Johnson.  (/>). 

Aluminum  and  Aluminum  Alloys.  Pittsburgh  Reduc- 
tion Company,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 

Present-Day  Metallurgical  Engineering  On  the  Rand. 
Yates.  (e). 

The  Practical  Metal  Workers  Assistant.    Byrne,   (e). 

Tin :  Describing  the  Chief  Methods  of  Mining,  Dress- 
ing and  Smelting.  Charleton.  (e). 

A  History  of  the  Trade  in  Tin.     Flower,  (e). 

The  Production  of  Tin.     Louis,  (e). 

Chemistry  and  Metallurgy  of  Copper.     Piggott.   (e). 


BABBITT  METAL  155 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Aluminum:      Its     History,     Occurrence,     Properties. 

Metallurgy  and  Applications.     Richards,   (e). 
Tin  and  Tin  Plate.     Their  History,   Production  and 

Statistics.     Weeks,   (e). 

Notes  for  a  History  of  Lead.     Pulsifer.   (e). 
The  Metallurgy  of  Gold.     Rose.   (e). 
The  Quartz  Operator's  Hand  Book.     Randall,  (e). 
The  Lixiviation    of    Silver    Ores    with    Hyposulphite 

Solutions.     Stetefeldt.   (e). 
Compendium  of  Gold  Metallurgy   (Ores)   and  Digest 

of    United    States    and    California    Mining    Laws. 

Wade.   (e). 

The  Metallurgy  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Stoughton.   (/>). 
Metallurgy  of  Copper.     Hofman.   (b). 
Practical  Alloying.     Buchanan.   (/>). 
Foundryman's  Primer.     Wangelin.   (/>). 
Penton's  Foundry  List.   (/>)• 

Metallography  of  Steel  and  Cast  Iron.     Howe.   (/>). 
Foundry  Irons.     Kirk.   (/>). 
Metallurgy  of  Steel.     Harbord-Hall.   (/>). 
Elliott's  Weights  of  Steel.     Elliott.   (p). 
Safety  In  the  Foundry.     Alexander.   (/>). 
Dies.     Woodworth.   (p). 
Press-Working  of  Metals.     Smith,   (n). 
Art  of  Pattern  Making.     Chase,   (n). 
Paints  for  Steel  Structures.     Lowe.   («). 
Drop  Forging,  Die  Sinking  and  Machine  Forming  of 

Steel.     Woodworth.   (/>). 
How  to  Make  Converter  Steel  Castings.     Simonson. 

(/>). 

Coal  Gas  Residuals.     Wagner,   (b). 

Accurate  Tool  Work.     Goodrich-Stanley.   (b). 

Millwrighting.     Hobart.   (b). 


156  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Foundry  Nomenclature.     Buchanan.   (b). 

Foundry  Work.     Stimpson.   (/>). 

Pattern  Making.     Turner-Town.   (p). 

Steel  and  Its  Heat  Treatment.     Bullens.   (p). 

Rolling  Mill  Industry.     Kindl.    (p). 

Foundry  Data  Sheets.   (/>). 

Pattern  Making.     Ritchey.   (/>). 

Pattern  Making.     Moore,   (p). 

Purchasing.     Rindfoos.   (p). 

Forging.     Bacon,   (p). 

Plain  and  Ornamental  Forging.     Schwartzkopf.   (p). 

The  Sheet-Metal  Worker's  Instructor.     Warn.   (;'). 

Strength  and  Other  Properties  of  Metals.    By  Officers 

of  the  Ordnance  Department,  U.  S.  Army.   (/). 
The  Goldsmith's  Handbook.     Gee.   (/). 
Cast  Iron  in  the  Light  of  Recent  Research.     Hatfield. 

(/). 

Physico-Chemical  Properties  of  Steel.     Edwards.   (/). 
Metallurgy  of  Non-Ferrous  Metals.     Gowland.   (/). 
A  Treatise  on  Electro-Metallurgy.     McMillan-Cooper. 

Modern  Copper  Smelting.     Levey.   (/). 

Study  of  Electrothermal  and  Electrolytic  Industries. 
Ashcroft.  (a). 

Examination  and  Thermal  Value  of  Fuel:  Gaseous, 
Liquid  and  Solid.  Coste- Andrews.  (/). 

Elements  of  Industrial  Management.     Smith.   (/). 

Art  Metal  Work.     Payne,   (u). 

Hydn>Electric  Power.     Lyndon,   (u). 

How  to  Build  up  Furnace  Efficiency.     Hays.   (u). 

Raw  Materials  of  Enamelling.     Grunwald.   (/). 

Applied  Methods  of  Scientific  Management.  Park- 
hurst,  (rf). 


BABBITT  METAL  157 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Investigating  An  Industry.     Kent.   (d). 
The  Practical  Tool-Maker  and  Designer.    Wilson.  (/). 
The  Moulders'  and  Founders'  Pocket  Guide.     Over- 
man.  (/). 
The  Practical  Brass  and  Iron  Founders'  Guide.     Lar- 

kin.   (/). 
Practical  Workshop  Companion  for  Tin,   Sheet  Iron 

and  Copperplate  Workers.     Blinn.   (/). 
Punches,     Dies    and    Tools     for     Manufacturing    in 

Presses.     Woodworth.   (o). 
Brazing  and  Soldering.     Hobart.   (o). 
Coke — Modern  Coking  Practice,  Including  Analysis  of 

Materials  and  Products.     Christopher-Byrom.   (o). 
Coal  Gas  as  a  Fuel.     Fletcher,   (e). 
Proceedings  of  Chemical  and  Metallurgical  Society  of 

South    Africa,    P.  O.    Box    2596,    Johannesburg!!, 

S.  A.  R.     Vols.  I,  II,  III,  IV. 
American    Hydroelectric    Practice.      Taylor-Braymer. 

,  (b). 

Spontaneous  Combustion  and  Explosion  in  Coal  Car- 
goes;  Their  Treatment  and   Prevention.      Rowan. 

(«)• 

Fuels:   Solid,  Liquid  and  Gaseous.     Phillips,   (e). 
Industrial  Furnaces  and  Methods  of  Control.   Damour. 

„<«>• 

Coal  Analysis.    A  Treatise  on  the  Comparative  Com- 
mercial Values  of  Gas  Coals  and  Cannels.    Graham. 

(«>. 

Journal  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute. 

Journal  of  the  Institute  of  Metals. 

American  Iron  and  Steel  Institute.     Directory  of  the 

Iron  and  Steel  Works  of  the  United   States   and 

Canada. 


158  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

National  Iron  and  Steel,  Coal  and  Coke  Blue  Book. 

R.  K.  Polk  &  Co.,  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
Iron    and    Steel    (a   pocket    encyclopedia)    Including 

Allied  Industries  and  Sciences.    Tiemann.   (b). 
Steel :     Its    Metallurgy    and    Mechanical    Treatment. 

Roberts- Austin.   (<?). 
The    Cerium    Metals    and    Their   Pyrophoric    Alloys. 

(German)     Kellerman. 
Metallurgical    Practice.      Vol.    I.      Various    Authors. 

Rand's,   (y). 

The  Coloring  of  Metals.     Stahl. 
La    Neo-metallurgie,    ses    Moyens    et    ses    Methods. 

Benolt. 

Etude  sur  la  Corrosion  des  Metaux.     Buzenac. 
Essais  des  fer  et  des  Aciers  par  Corrosion.    Fremont. 
Precis  de  Metallurgie.     Pecheux. 
Die  Metallfarbung.     Buchner. 
Lead  Smelting.     Collis.   (u). 
Modern  Foundry  Practice.     Sharp,   (s). 
Metallography.     Desch.   (k). 

Metallography  Applied  to  Siderurgie  Products.  Savoia. 
Text-Book  of  Ore  Dressing.     Richards,   (b). 
Elementary  Photo-micrography.     Bagshaw. 
Metallographie.     Guertler. 
Zink,  Zinn  und  Blei.     Richter. 
Ore  Deposits  of  South  Africa.    Johnson,   (o). 
Dictionary  of  Portuguese  Mining  Terms  with  French, 

English  and  German  Equivalents.    Ackermann.  (A). 
Crystallography.     Wadsworth.   (2). 
Hints  on  Amalgamation  and  the  General  Care  of  Gold 

Mills.     Adams,  (m). 

Industries  du  Plomb  et  du  Mercure.     Bouchonnet. 
Die  Metallhuttenchemie.     Orthey. 


BABBITT  METAL     ..;  159 

Metallurgy,  etc.  (continued). 

Industrie  du  Chrome  du  Manganese,  du  Nickel  et  du 

Book  of  Precious  Stones.     Wodiska. 

Analyse  Therminique  et  Metallographie  Microscopique. 
Rengade. 

Gold  Refining.     Clark.   (Pitman.) 

Summary  of  Alloys.     The  Employment  of  Physical 
Chemistry  in  Metallography.     Janecke. 

Elements  of  Metallography.     Ruer.   (d}. 

Les  Matieres  Abrasives  Industrielles.     Escard. 

Les  Metaux  Speciaux  Manganese,  Chrome,  Silicum, 
Tungstene,  Molybdene,  Vanadium,  et  Leurs  Com- 
posie  Metallurgiques  Industriels.     Escard. 
Cobalt.     Ouvrade. 

The  Corrosion  of  Iron  and  Steel.     Friend.  (&). 

Handbuch  der  Mineralchemie.     Doelter. 

Zink,  Cadmium,  Kuper,  Quecksilber.     Bouchonnet.' 

Metallkunde.     Fenchel. 

Iron  and  Steel,  Their  Production  and  Manufacture. 
Hood. 

Hardening  and  Tempering  Steel.     Jones. 

Revue  de  Metallurgie.     Le  Chatelier. 

Testing  for  Metallurgical  Processes.     Barr.  (m). 

Electro-plating  and  Electro-refining  of  Metals.     Lock- 
wood.    «~ 

Gold  from  Quartz.     Elliot. 

Mineralogie  de  la  France  et  de  ses  Colones.     4  Vols. 
Lacroix. 

Hauts  Fourneaux  et  Appareils  a  Air  Chaud.    Pavloff. 

Un  Grand  Inventeur,  Sir  Henry  Bessemer.    Chatelier. 

Nagel's  Gold  Book.     Gold  from  Sea  Water.     Nagel. 

(*). 

Die  Metallurgie  des  Wolframs.    Mennicke. 
Practical  Sheet  and  Metal  Plate  Work.    Atkin.  (»)• 


160  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Textbook  of  Chemical  Technology  and  Metallurgy. 
Neuman.  ( German. ) 

Cours  de  Metallurgie.  Des  Metaux  Autres  que  le  fer. 
Prost. 

The  Principles  of  Iron  Founding  and  Foundry  Metal- 
lography. Sexton  and  Primrose,  Jr.  (e). 

Farben  der  Metalla.     Harbmann. 

1' Argent  et  les  Metaux  de  la  Mine  de  Platine.  Molinie 
and  Dietz. 

Recherche  Pratique  et  Exploitation  des  Mines  d'or. 
Proust. 

Metallurgical  Manual  of  Iron  and  Steel,  Their  Struc- 
ture, Constitution  and  Production.  Allen,  (w). 

Principles  and  Practice  of  Burnishing,  Lacquering  and 
Bronzing  Brassware.  Brown.  (#). 

La  Soudure  Autogene  des  Metaux.     Ragno. 

Minerali.  I.     Artini. 

Nigerian  Tin  Fields.     Calvert.   (Wilson.) 

Le  Minerai.  de  Manganese.     Fach. 

Minerals  and  the  Microscope.     Smith.   (Marby.) 

Manual  Practique  de  Fonderie,  Cuivre,  Bronze,  Al- 
luminium,  Alliages  Divers.  Duponchelle. 

Chemical  Technology  of  Vanadium.  (German.)  Fes- 
ter. 

Traite  Theoretique  de  Cementation,  Trempe,  Recuit  et 
Revenue.  Groos  and  Varinois. 

Text  Book  of  Metallographie.   (German.)   Tamman. 

Le  Haut  Fourneau  Electrique.     Nicon. 

The  Useful  Minerals,  with  the  Exception  of  Ores, 
Potash  Salts,  Coal  and  Petroleum.  (German.)  Dam- 
mer  and  Tietz. 

Lehrbuch  der  Meteorologie.     Hann. 

Mineral  Deposits.     Lindgren.   (&). 


BABBITT  METAL  161. 

Metallurgy,  etc.  (continued). 

Manuel  de  Mineralogie  Pratique.     Malaise. 

Progress  in  Leaching  Precious  Metals  During  the  Last 
Decade.  (German.)  Borchers. 

Alloys  and  Their  Industrial  Application.    Law.  (y). 

The  Dressing  of  Minerals.     Louis.   (Arnold.) 

Copper  Handbook.     Vol.  I  to  XL     Weed. 

Annun  Ario  Delia  Industria  Mineraria,  Metallurgica  e 
Meccanica  in  Italia.  Grioni. 

Le  Leghe  Metalliche  ed  i  Principi  Scientifici  Delia 
Metallografia  Moderna.  Mazzoto. 

LTndustrie  Aurifere  au  Transvaal,  son  Passe,  son 
Avenir.  Michaut. 

Electro-Thermal  Methods  of  Iron  and  Steel  Produc- 
tion. Kershaw.  (Constable.) 

Laboratoires  Siderugiques.     Ledebur. 

Travial  des  Metaux.     Michel. 

Notes  on  Foundry  Practice.     Morgan,  (y). 

The  Manufacture  of  Iron  and  Steel.    Hearson.   (s). 

Traite  de  Metallogenie.     Launay. 

Cyanide  Practice  in  Mexico.     McCann.   (m). 

Die  Metallgiesserei.     Schott. 

Popular  Guide  to  Minerals.     Gratacap. 

Liquid  Steel:  Its  Manufacture  and  Cost.  Carnegie 
and  Gladwyn. 

Index  of  Mining  Engineering  Literature.     Crane. 

Les  Aciers  au  Nickel  et  Leurs  Application  a  L'Horo- 
logerie.  Guillaume. 

Mineralography  of  the  Rarer  Metals.  Cahen  and 
Wooton.  (/). 

Influence  of  Silicon  on  the  Characteristics  of  Cast 
Iron.  (German.)  Paghanti. 

Soft  Soldering ;  Hard  Soldering  and  Brazing.  A  Prac- 
tical Treatise  on  Tools,  Materials  and  Operations. 
Hobart.  (e). 


.  162  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

The  Metallurgy  of  Iron.  (French.)    Domer. 

The  Technic  of  Tin  Working.  (German.)    Georgi  and 

Schubert. 

Metallographie.     Band  I,  Die  Konstitution.     Guertler. 
Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Metallurgy.  I.  (French.) 

Le  Chatelier. 
Alloys   and  Their  Technical  Utilization.     (German.) 

Ledebur. 
Zinc  and  Cadmium  and  Their  Production  from  Ores 

and  By-Products.     Liebig. 
Steel,    Standard    Specifications    for,    Amer.    Soc.    for 

Testing  Materials. 
Prospecting  for  Minerals.     Cox. 
Fabrication  Synthetique  du  Dirnant.     Boismenu. 
Text  Book  on  Experimental  Metallurgy  and  Assaying. 

Gower. 

Metallurgie.     Levat. 
Les  Resources  Minerales  Ales  de  la  Tunisie.     Rueter 

de  Villeroy. 
A  Practical  Manual  of  Autogenous  Welding.    Gran j on 

and  Rosenberg,   (y). 

Principles  and  Processes  of  Metal  Plate  Work.     Bar- 
rett.   (Crosby  Lockwood  &  Co.) 
Metallography.     Part  II.   (German.)   Guertler. 
Metallurgie   du    Plomb   et   de    L' Argent.       Libert   et 

Firkert. 

The  Practical  Metallography  of  Iron  and  Steel.   Prim- 
rose.   (Scien.  Pub.  Co.) 
La  Chaufferie  Moderne.     Turin. 
A  Pocket  Book  for  Miners  and  Metallurgists.    Power. 

(Lockwood  &  Sons.) 
The  Petrology  of  the  Igneous  Rocks.    Hatch.    (Allen 

&  Co.) 


BABBITT  METAL  163 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Manual  of  Petrographic  Methods.     Johannsen.  (b). 

Manual  of  Petrology.     Mennell.   (Chapman  &  Hall.) 

Les  Pierres  Precieuses.     Escard. 

Handbook  of  Milling  Details.     McGraw. 

Some  Considerations  Regarding  Cast  Iron  and  Steel 
Pipes.  Sharp.  (£). 

Le  Soudure  Electrothermique.     Escard. 

L'Industrie  Minerale  de  la  Tunisie,  et  son  Role  Dan 
L'Evolution  Economique  de  la  Regence.  Keppen. 

La  Taille  ficonomique  des  Metaux  par  les  Aciers  a 
Coupe  Rapide,  D'Apres  les  Experiences  de  F.  W. 
Taylor.  Massot. 

British  Standard  Specifications  for  Copper  Alloy 
Three  Piece  Unions.  Lockwood. 

Heat-Treatment  of  Steel;  A  Comprehensive  Treatise 
on  Hardening,  Tempering  and  Annealing.  Indus- 
trial Press. 

The  Case  Hardening  of  Steel.     Brearley. 

The  Elements  of  Electro-Plating.     Sprague.  (s). 

The  Tin  Plate  Industry.     Jones.   (King.) 

The  Deposits  of  the  Useful  Minerals  and  Rocks; 
Their  Origin,  Form  and  Content.  Beyschlag-Vogt- 
Krusch.  (i). 

Iron  Ores:  Their  Occurrence,  Valuation  and  Control. 
Eckel,  (b). 

Practical  Instruction  in  the  Search  for  and  the  Deter- 
mination of  the  Useful  Minerals  Including  the  Rare 
Ores.  McLeod. 

Steel  Working  and  Tool  Dressing.  Casterlin  (Rich- 
ardson Co.) 

Magnetic  and  Other  Properties  of  Electrolytic  Iron 
Melted  in  Vacuo.  Yensen.  (Chapman  and  Hall.) 

Steel  and  Its  Treatment.    Houghton.  (Houghton.) 


164  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Oxy-Acetylene  Welding  and  Cutting.     Swingle. 
(Drake.) 

The  Iron  Ores  of  Lake  Superior.  Crowell  and  Mur- 
ray, (p), 

British  and  German  Steel  Metallurgy.    Arnold. 

Text  Book  on  Welding  and  Cutting  Metals  by  the 
Oxy-Acetylene  Process.  Vulcan  Process  Co. 

The  Numerical  Data  of  Crystallography  and  Miner- 
alogy. Spencer.  (Univ.  Chicago  Press.) 

The  Numerical  Data  of  Electricity,  Magnetism  and 
Electrochemistry.  Dutoit-Lewis-Mahlke.  (Univ. 
Chicago  Press.) 

The  Numerical  Data  of  Engineering  and  Metallurgy. 
Archbutt.  (Univ.  Chicago  Press.) 

Practical  Stamp-Milling  and  Amalgamation.  McFar- 
ran.  (m). 

Metallography  and  Heat  Treatment  of  Iron  and  Steel. 
Sauveur  and  Boylston.  (Correspondence  Course.) 

The  Canadian  Iron  and  Steel  Industry.  Donald. 
(HoughtonMifflin  Co.) 

The  Metallurgy  of  Gold.     Rose.   (3;). 

Analyst  and  Client.     Ridsdale. 

Royal  Ontario  Nickel  Commission.     Wilgress. 

Frye's  Tables  for  Ascertaining  the  Value  of  Gold- 
Quartz  Specimens.  Frye. 

Meteorites :  Their  Structure,  Composition  and  Terres- 
trial Relations.  Farrington. 

The  Geology  and  Mineral  Resources  of  the  Zilquarn 
Goldfielt.  Blatchford.  (Simpson.) 

The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing.     Wiard. 

(*)• 

A  Practical  Handbook  on  the  Physics  and  Chemistry 
of  Mining  and  Mine  Ventilation.  Walsh,  (e). 


BABBITT  METAL  165 

Metallurgy,  etc.  (continued). 

Microscopical  Determination  of  the  Opaque  Minerals. 
Murdock.  (d). 

List  of  References  on  Concentrating  Ores  by  Flota- 
tion. Cunningham.  (Univ.  of  Missouri.) 

The  Metallography  of   Steel  and  Cast  Iron.     Howe. 

(ft). 

The  Flotation  Process.     McGraw.   (b). 

Copper  from  the  Ore  to  the  Metal.     Pickard.   (v). 

Foundryman's  Reference  Book.  Bowe.  (Eagle  Print- 
ing Co.) 

The  Corrosion  of  Iron.    Wilson.    (Eng.  Mag.) 

Oxy- Acetylene  Welding  and  Cutting.  Manly.  (Drake 
&  Co.) 

Oxy-Acetylene  Welding.     Miller.   (Indust.  Press.) 

Brass  Moulder.     Purves. 

The  Flotation  Process.     Rickard.   (nt). 

Coal  Miners'  Pocketbook.   (&). 

Concentrating  Ores  by  Flotation.     Hoover,   (f). 

The  World's  Minerals.    Spencer.    (Stokes  Co.) 

Microscopic  Examination  of  Steel.     Fay.   (d). 

Mining  World  Index  of  Current  Literature.  Sisley. 
(Chicago  Mining  World  Co.) 

LTndustrie  de  L'Acier  en  France.     Tribot-Laspiere. 

Oxy-Acetylene  Practice.     Kehl.    (Am.  Tech.  Soc.) 

Automobile  Welding  with  Oxy-Acetylene  Flame.  Dun- 
ham. (0). 

The  Story  of  Bethlehem  Steel.  Cotter.  (Moody  Mag. 
Book  Co.) 

American  Hydroelectric  Practice.     Taylor,   (b). 

Electro-platers  Handbook.     Weston.   (Drake  &  Co.) 

Testing  for  the  Flotation  Process.     Fahrenwald.   (c). 

The  Cementation  of  Iron  and  Steel.  Giolitte.  (Iron 
Age  Book  Dept.) 


166  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Traite  General  du  Commerce  des  Minerals  et  Metaux. 

Pitaval  and  Ganet. 

Flotation.     Rickard  and  Ralston,   (w). 
Non-technical   Charts   on    Iron   and    Steel   and   Their 

Application  to  Modern  Industry.     Spring.  (Stokes.) 
La  Metallurgie  Francaise.     Cavalier. 
Lead  and  Zinc  in  the  United  States.     Ingalls.   (b). 
The  Principles,  Operations  and  Products  of  the  Blast 

Furnace.     Johnson,   (b). 
Matte  Melting.     Lang.   (b). 
Metallurgy  of  Tin.     Louis,   (b). 
La  Situation  de  Notre  Metallurgie.     Manduit. 
Nature  of  Ore  Deposits.     Beck.   (b). 
Gold  Deposits  in  the  Rand.     Horwood.   (y). 
The  Heat  Treatment  of  Steel.     Brearly.   (k). 
Shop  and  Foundry  Management.     Dean.     (Iron  Age 

Book  Dept.) 

High  Speed  Steel.     Becker,   (b). 
A  Practice  Book  in  Elementary  Metallurgy.     Thum. 

id). 

Popular  Oil  Geology.     Ziegler.    (Merrifield.) 
Getting  Gold.     Johnson.   (Thacher  &  Co.) 
Sheet  Metal  Work.     Neubecker.    (Amer.  Tech.  Soc.) 
A   Manual   of   Geometrical    Crystallography.      Butler. 

(<o. 

The    Cyanide    Process :     Its    Control    and    Operation. 

Fahrenwald.   (d). 
Metallurgical  Study  of  the  Steel  Base  as  Related  to 

Galvanizing.     White.  (Matthews  Northrup  Works.) 
A  Handbook  of  Briqueting.     Vol.  II.     Briqueting  of 

Ores,    Metallurgical    Products,    Metal    Swarf    and 

Similar  Material  Including  Agglomeration.     Franke. 

(y)- 


BABBITT  METAL  167 

Metallurgy,  etc.   (continued). 

Carbon  and  Alloy  Tool  Steels.     Ludlum  Steel  Co. 
Les  Metaux  et  Leur  Conditions  D'Emploi  dan  LTn- 

dustorie  Moderne.     Obertle. 

Metallhuttenbetriebe.     2d  Vol.     Nickel.     Borchers. 
Mineral  Enterprise  in  China.     Collins.    (Heinemann.) 
A  Pocket  Handbook  of  Minerals.     Butler,   (d). 
Le  Guide  du  Soudeur  et  les  Applications  de  L'Oxygene. 

(L'Oxyhydrique  Francaise.) 
Les  Gites  de  fer  de  Manganese  des  Environs  de  Gra- 

chaux.     Fournier. 

Petroleum  and  Terrestrial  Emanations.     Guareschi. 
Materials  for  the  Study  of  Mineral  Products  of  Rus- 
sia.  6  Vol.    (Imperial  Academy  of  Sciences.) 
Les  Roches  et  Leur  filements  Mineralogiques.     Jan- 

nettaz.   (Herman  &  Sons.) 

Principles  of  Stratigraphy.     Grabau.    (Seiler  &  Co.) 
The  A.  B.  C.  of  Iron  and  Steel  with  a  Directory  of 

Iron  and  Steel  Works  and  Their  Products  of  the 

U.S.  and  Canada.     Brachert.   (/>). 
The  Metallography  and  Heat-Treatment  of  Iron  and 

Steel.     Sauveur.   (b). 
British   Standard   Specifications   for   Cast   Iron   Pipes 

and  Special  Castings  for  Water,  Gas  and  Sewage. 

(Crosby  Lockwood  &  Son.) 
The  Mining  Library,   (b). 

Vol.  1 — Examination  of  Prospects.     Gunther. 

Vol.  2 — Principles  of  Mining.     Hoover. 

Vol.  3 — Timbering  and  Mining.     Storms. 

Vol.  A — Handbook  of  Mining  Details. 

Vol.  5 — Details  of  Practical  Mining. 

Vol.  6— The  Theory  and  Practice  of  Ore  Dressing. 
Wiard. 


168  ANALYSIS  OF  BABBITT 

Metallurgy,  etc.  (continued). 

Vol.  7 — Manual  of  Underground  Surveying.   T  rum- 
bull. 

Vol.  8 — American  Mine  Accounting.     Charlton. 
Vol.  9— The  Cost  of  Mining.     Finlay. 

Mining  Manual  and  Mining  Year  Book.  1917.  Skin- 
ner. 

The  Ore  Deposits  of  the  United  States  and  Canada. 
Kemp.  (b). 

Mining  Laws  of  the  British  Empire.    Alford.   (/). 

Ore  and  Stone  Mining.     Foster.   (/). 

A  Dictionary  of  Spanish  and  Spanish-American  Min- 
ing. Raise.  (/). 

Mineral  Wealth  of  China.     Wang.   (/).. 

The  Mineral  Kingdom.     Braum  and  Spencer.   (/). 

Mineralogy  of  Arizona.     Guild,   (c). 

Copper  Mines  of  the  World.     Weed.   (b). 

Mining  Methods  in  Europe.     Mayer,   (b). 

International  Mining  Manual.  Western  Mining  Direc- 
tory Co.  Denver,  Col. 

Mineral  Resources  of  the  United  States.  Geological 
Survey.  Annual.  Vol.  I.  Metals,  Vol.  II.  Non- 
Metals. 

Mines  Handbook.  A  Manual  of  the  Mining  Industry 
of  North  America.  Annual.  Stevens  Copper  Hand- 
book Co. 

Metallurgy  of  Iron.  Vol.  XL  Technical  Dictionary. 
(About  5100  words  in  each  of  the  six  languages.) 
Schlomann.  (b). 

Engineering  Analysis  of  a  Mining  Share.     Pickering. 

(»). 

The  Relative  Corrosion  of  Alloys.  Fehr.  Amer.  Soc. 
Mech.  Eng,  Dec.  3-6,  1918. 


BABBITT  METAL  169 


KEY  TO  PUBLISHERS. 


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